Question

1- Identify the Epidemiological triangle, and explain the elements.

2- What are communicable diseases, give examples and explain the role of the nurse.

3- Describe Intrinsic and extrinsic factors for infectious agents, provide examples.

4- Explain the purpose of Healthy people 2020 and its benefits.

5- Why is Cardiovascular disease a targeted condition for Healthy People 2020?

Answer 1

1-Identify the Epidemiological triangle, and explain the elements.

The epidemiological triad consists of three factors which includes an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together.

Agent

The agent is microbes that cause disease. In case of infectious disease agent is an external microorganism which include viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and other microorganisms. The agent also includes both chemical and physical disease-causing factors like asbestos and cigarette smoking.

Host

The host refers to the human capable of developing the disease. Exposure to an agent is influenced by a person’s behavior like sexual practices, hygiene, and other behavioral practices. Exposure is also influenced by biological/genetic factors such as age and gender.

Environment

The environment is external to the host. Environmental factors that contribute to the transmission of an agent,which includes biological factors and socioeconomic factors. Biological factors present in the area that transmit the agent, and socioeconomic factors refer to issues like crowding, poor sanitation, and accessibility to health care. The environment also includes social norms that affect the spread of disease.

2-What are communicable diseases, give examples and explain the role of the nurse.

Communicable diseases are diseases that can be spread from one person to another and cause a large number of people to get sick. They are caused by germs like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites or toxins.

Examples

• COVID-19
• Ebola.
• Enterovirus

Role of nurse

• Prevent and monitor communicable diseases within the community
• To find out public health outbreaks
• Conduct research related to communicable diseases
• Educate public and other health care professionals regarding disease.
• Conduct physical tests.
• Collection of health histories.
• Provide counseling and health care education to patients.
• Coordinate care with other health care providers and specialists.

3-Describe Intrinsic and extrinsic factors for infectious agents, provide examples.

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are the risk factors infectious diseases. Intrinsic factors act from within an individual.

Examples of intrinsic factors are age, birth weight, underlying diseases, and immune status.

Extrinsic factors have their influence from the outside (i.e., they are environmental, cultural, or related to lifestyle). Extrinsic factors can have a sizeable impact on a person's health and can affect medical decision-making.

Examples of extrinsic factors are invasive devices and procedures.

4-Explain the purpose of Healthy people 2020 and its benefits.

Healthy People 2020 is 10-year agenda for improving the Nation’s health. It is the result of a multiyear process that reflects input from a diverse group of individuals and organizations. Which aims to achieve the following goals:

1. Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.

2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities.

3. Improve the health of all groups.

4. Promote social and physical environments that leads to good health for all.

5. Enhance collaborations across communities and sectors.

6. Prepare individuals toward making informed health decisions.

7. Evaluate the impact of prevention activities.

5- Why is Cardiovascular disease a targeted condition for Healthy People 2020?

Cardiovascular disease are the conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Cardiovascular Disease is a major cause of disability and premature death throughout the world. It increases the costs of health care, mortality, and morbidity. CVD is also known as heart and blood vessels disease having an average of one death occurring at every 42 seconds. Hence it is major health complication that needs high priority attention and care.