Question

1- How the cancer is related to the cell cycle?

2- What are the general methodologies for cancer treatment?

3- Please describe the terms below: chromatin, chromosome, chromatid, centrosome.

4- What is the importance of meiosis and what are the main stages of the meiosis?

5- Please fill in blanks in the table

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS

No	MEIOSIS	MITOSIS
1
2
3
4

6- Please explain what the Human Genome Project is, and also explain the importance of the project.

7-What is gel electrophoresis? And explain how we can use this technology in forensic science.

8-Please explain how can a biochip, the one type in which used for a gene microarray, identify the precise form of cancer.

9-Please explain the Darwins’s Theory of Natural Selection in four steps.

10-

According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, a population’s allele and genotype frequencies are inherently stable, so please prove this theory by filling the table below (zygote genotype and its frequency) and generate the Hardy-Weinberg formula

Maternal	Frequency	Paternal Gamete	Frequency	zygote	Frequency
Gamete				Genotype
A	p	A	p
		a	q
a	q	A	p
		a	q

Answer 1

1.

Cancer is a unlimited cell growth which is unchecked. The acceleration of the rate of cell division or the inhibition of the normal control of the system lead to cancer. This can e done by any mutation as well. Due to this normal functioning of the cell got interrupted. Cell cycle arrest is the main cause of cancer.

2.

The oldest known treatment of the cancer is surgery. there are several other treatments also available. Radiation, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, gene therapy and hormone therapy are other treatments which are now available to treat the cancer.

3.

Chromatin: a macromolecular complex of the macromolecule of DNA, RNA and protein is chromatin. the protein is termed as histone.

Chromosome: this is a thread like structure which is of nucleic acid and protein. This is usually found in nucleus of the living cells. Chromosome carries the genetic information in the form of genes.

Chromatid: Two thread like strands into which there is the longitudinal division of the chromosome occur during the cell division. Chromatid contain double helix of DNA.

Centrosome: it is an organelle where cell microtubules get organized. Cell division cycle is regulated by centrosome.