Question

In: Economics

Introduction: Social contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rules governing how people...

Introduction:

Social contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rules governing how people should treat one another that rational beings will agree to accept for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others agree to follow these rules as well.

Hobbes runs the logic like this in the form of a logical syllogism:

  1. We are all self-interested.
  2. Each of us needs to have a peaceful and cooperative social order to pursue our interests.
  3. We need moral rules in order to establish and maintain a cooperative social order.
  4. Therefore, self-interest motivates us to establish moral rules.

Hobbes looked to the past to observe a primitive “State of Nature” in which there is no such thing as morality, and that this self-interested human nature was "nasty, brutish, and short" – a kind of perpetual state of warfare.

Locke disagreed, and set forth the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right – and sometimes the duty – to withdraw their support and even to rebel. Locke addressed Hobbes's claim that the state of nature was the state of war, though he attribute this claim to "some men" not to Hobbes. He refuted it by pointing to existing and real historical examples of people in a state of nature. For this purpose he regarded any people who are not subject to a common judge to resolve disputes, people who may legitimately take action themselves to punish wrong doers, as in a state of nature.

Instructions:

  • Which philosophy do you espouse?
  • How much authority should be granted to governments (e.g., the right to kill (death penalty/capital punishment/use of deadly force)? How much would you give up in return for safety?
  • If you side with Hobbes, do you support at any point recourse if the government violates its own contract (if so, you probably have a bit of Locke in your thinking)?

Solutions

Expert Solution

v

Note: This response is in UK English, please paste the response to MS Word and you should be able to spot discrepancies easily. You may elaborate the answer based on personal views or your classwork if necessary.

(Answer) According to Kant, one should treat others in a way that one would like to be treated. In other words, if you would like to be treated with kindness, it would be only right to treat a fellow human being with the same kindness. Since we are all of the same species, when we mistreat others, we make ourselves open to the same treatment. This is simply because people of the same stratum or position are likely to get the same treatment that a person within their group has received.

When one person usurps the rights of another, this person should face punitive measures. For instance, if a murderer takes away the victim’s right to live, they should be sentenced for their crime as they have faltered and might do it again. However, the punishment should be limited to sentencing and not to the death penalty. This is because, just like the murdering the victim was wrong, it would be equally wrong to take the life of the criminal as it isn't a right endowed on a human being to usurp anther’s right to live.

In order to achieve security needs, one is likely to give up the higher needs of Maslow’s needs hierarchy without sacrificing the needs that are more important than security needs. This means that one might achieve security needs by giving up relationships, self-actualisation etc. However, one would not typically give up basic food, clothing and shelter in order to achieve security needs.

Hobbes was of the belief that human beings are primal creatures who might easily give in to their feral instincts. Hobbes believed that a person without rules would mean that they become anarchic. This is the state of nature that causes a human being to adhere to their natural instincts and ignore decorous social instincts. Therefore, the purpose of the government is to ensure the safety of the people.

Hobbes believed that an individual should only not be allowed to conduct actions that are harmful to another individual. Therefore, according to his social contract theory, it is the purpose of social and government contracts to ensure that the rights of an individual are not being usurped by another. Furthermore, without a social contract, Hobbes believed that the society would be anarchic.

If the government fails to provide the needs that Hobbes mentions, the citizens should have the right to change the working of the governing body to one that best satisfies the needs of the people. According to John Locke’s social contract theory, when society or the government would fail to secure the natural rights of an individual, the society would have the right to disobey the governing head. In other words, the people would maintain their power over the governing body by simply choosing to support only the head that satisfies their needs.


Related Solutions

Introduction: Social contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rules governing how people...
Introduction: Social contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rules governing how people should treat one another that rational beings will agree to accept for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others agree to follow these rules as well. Hobbes runs the logic like this in the form of a logical syllogism: We are all self-interested. Each of us needs to have a peaceful and cooperative social order to pursue our interests. We need moral rules...
1. A social contract view of morality regards general agreement to follow certain rules or guidelines...
1. A social contract view of morality regards general agreement to follow certain rules or guidelines for behaviour to be Select one: a. something only the weakest members of society would want. b. something people would only accept if they also believed in God. c. something every rational individual would want. d. something that threatens free enterprise. Question 2. It's pretty clear that all shareholders have an interest in the long term growth of the companies they are invested in....
(Introduction to Psychology) Does social contract theory assume that if there were no government, then people...
(Introduction to Psychology) Does social contract theory assume that if there were no government, then people would be unconnected individuals? Is this assumption correct? 300 words
How might electronic payment systems affect the UCC rules governing a buyer’s payment for goods? How...
How might electronic payment systems affect the UCC rules governing a buyer’s payment for goods? How might these systems affect the legal principles governing letter-of-credit transactions? If a contract involves a sale or lease of software that can be delivered, and accessed, online, what might be the effects in terms of such rights and remedies as cure, cover, replevin, and reclaiming goods?
Introduction The Healthy People 2020 initiative of addressing social determinants of health is a high priority...
Introduction The Healthy People 2020 initiative of addressing social determinants of health is a high priority for improving physical fitness and healthy lifestyle choices. Factors such as lifestyle, demographics, and heredity ultimately help to determine quality of life and health for both individuals and communities (HealthyPeople.gov, 2014). Case Study Promoting individual and community participation in making positive lifestyle changes will require a multitiered approach. For example, empowering people to exercise and increase physical activity by walking more often is a...
This chapter introduced a distinction between morality, virtues, and social ethics. How would you describe each?
This chapter introduced a distinction between morality, virtues, and social ethics. How would you describe each?
A terrible despot governing one small country decided to check how smart are people living in...
A terrible despot governing one small country decided to check how smart are people living in his country. He gathered 20 smartest people and put hats on their heads. Everybody could see all hats except their own. Then the despot said: "Some of the hats have a red stripe on them. I will give you one minute to think and then ask who has a red stripe on their hat? If nobody answers, then I will give one more minute...
Which one of the following terms is the name for a set of rules describing how...
Which one of the following terms is the name for a set of rules describing how the corporation regulates its existence (ex. how directors are elected)? Multiple Choice Articles of incorporation. Corporate breakdown. Legal liability. Bylaws. Agency problem.
How can you align people from different backgrounds, including different experiences, different definitions of morality/ethics, and...
How can you align people from different backgrounds, including different experiences, different definitions of morality/ethics, and different levels of commitment to the company to your company's overall goals and values? What strategies would you use to bring together people from a variety of backgrounds to work on a common goal? (This might include differences in age, gender, race, sexual orientation, family origin, place of origin [i.e., urban/rural], or other differences.) Describe how you will get alignment within your work team...
Social Media Discussion This week it all about the Social Animal of People - How does...
Social Media Discussion This week it all about the Social Animal of People - How does our social media consumption effect our group formations? IS is good or bad? What does the book think? What about Fortnight? This was a comment form a student on the Video assignment I am not sure I could come up with a direct link that I know of about social media and the works of memory but I can think of how social media...
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT