The fundamental vibrational transition of the 12C16O in the electronic ground state from v=0 to v=1 occurs at 2,170 cm-1. The bottom of the Morse potential for the anharmonic oscillator is well approximated by a parabola, the potential well for the harmonic oscillator, especially when the transition is measured with precision limited to 1 cm-1. a) Demonstrate that, in the harmonic oscillator approximation of the IR spectroscopy, the frequency of the fundamental transition is equal to the frequency of the oscillator in the zero energy state. b) What is the elastic force constant k of the 12C16O bond in the harmonic oscillator approximation? (Hint: you have to use the reduced mass of the diatomic oscillator. A12C = 12.000 amu, A16O = 15.995 amu, 1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-27 kg, c = 2.9979x108 m s-1) c) The first overtone of the 12C16O occurs at 4,260 cm-1. Compare this frequency against the fundamental frequency and state 2 points of departure from the harmonic oscillator results predicted by Quantum Mechanics.

1. A coupon of very pure Gold and highly clean surface is exposed to an Argon Fluoride (ArF) excimer laser beam of wavelength 193.4±0.2 nm inside an ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) ultrahigh vacuum spectrometer. The coupon surface faces the entrance aperture of a hemispherical electrostatic energy analyzer and detector. The coupon and the analyzer entrance aperture are electrically connected together at ground potential (zero Volts). A fraction of the photo-emitted electrons enters the analyzer and their energy distribution is measured. a) (2 points) What is the energy of a photon in the ArF laser beam expressed in electron-Volts (eV)? b) (2 points) The highest energy of the detected electrons was 1.3±0.1 eV. What was the Work Function of this Gold surface in eV?

1. Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of each of the following:

a. 2,2-dimethylbutane

Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer.

b.   cyclopentane

Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer.

2. Consider the compound ethylcyclopentane

a. Write the equation for the complete combustion of ethylcyclopentane.

Express your answer as a chemical equation.

b. Calculate the grams O2 required for the reaction of 35.0 g ethylcyclopentane.

Express your answer with the appropriate units.

c. How many liters of CO2 would be produced at STP from the reaction in part b?

Express your answer with the appropriate units.

Draw a titration on a molecular level. Clearly indicate the titrant and substance being titrated as well as the products of the reaction.

5. Surface energy (2 pts). Let’s use the concept of surface tension as surface energy per unit area to see if we can estimate, at least to the correct order of magnitude, the surface tension of water.

a) Water has a molar mass of 18 g/mol and a density of 1000 kg/m3 (or 1 g/cm3). Based on this data, estimate the number of water molecules per unit surface area of water.

b) The coordination number of water (i.e., the average number of “neighbors” each water molecule has) in the liquid state is 4. Neighboring water molecules attract each other via hydrogen bonds, each of which has a binding energy of roughly 10–20 J (although this number depends relatively strongly on temperature). Use this information to estimate the surface tension of water. How does your estimate compare to the observed figure ( γ water = 0.072 N/m ) (hints: Keep in mind that we can think of surface tension as surface energy per unit area, and consider the energy needed to bring a molecule from the bulk to the surface)?

1. Explain why a packed fractionating column (steel wool inside the glass tube) is more efficient than an unpacked one for distillation? Explain in detail.

2. If 3 spots on a TLC, plates have the following Rfs, A= 0.43, B=0.89, and C=0.53 what would be the order that the spots came off a column? What would happen if you increased the polarity of the solvent?

1.A bucket of nails contains 348 nails. How many dozens of nails does the bucket contain? 1 dozen=12 objects 2.How many atoms are in 3.56 mol of pure aluminum? 3.For the given elements, convert the given mole amounts to grams. A.How many grams are in 0.0564 moles of lithium? B.How many grams are in 0.550 moles of cobalt? C.How many grams are in 0.790 moles of oxygen? 4.For the given elements, convert 1.00 gram of that element to moles. A.How many moles of beryllium are in 1.00 gram? B.How many moles of zinc are in 1.00 gram? C.How many moles of phosphorus are in 1.00 gram?

a. A 1.500 g sample of a mixture of solid Na3PO4 - 12H2O and BaCl2 - 2H2O was dissolved in water and formed 0.520g of Ba3(PO4)2 precipitate. If reagent tests demonstrated that Na3PO4 - 12H2O was the limiting reactant in the precipitation reaction, calculate the mass percent of each reactant in the original sample. b. Clearly demonstrate which reactant salt would be limiting if the experiment was performed with equal masses of each salt. Assume 0.500g of each salt, for instance.

Consider the data for the following reaction at 25 ^oC

                2 HgCl₂(aq) + C₂O₄^2-(aq) --------2 Cl^-(aq) + 2 CO₂ (g) + Hg₂Cl₂(s)    Where Rate = [C₂O₄^2-]/t

Determine the 'orders for each reactant.

Determine the rate constant for this reaction.

Determine the instantaneous rate of change for HgCl₂ when [HgCl₂] = O.l22 M and [C₂O₄^2- ] = 0.50 M.           

Experiment	[HgCl2] (M)	[C2O42-] (M)	Rate (M/s)
1	0.164	0.15	3.2 x 10-5
2	0.164	0.45	2.9 x 10-5
3	0.082	0.45	1.4 x 10-5
4	0.246	0.15	4.8 x 10-5

Excited H atoms have many emission lines. One series of lines, called the brackett series, occurs in the infrared region. It results when an electron changes from higher energy levels to a level with n=4. Calculate the wavelength and frequency of the lowest energy line of this series.

Modern pennies are composed of zinc coated with copper. A student determines the mass of a penny to be 2.480 g and then makes several scratches in the copper coating (to expose the underlying zinc). The student puts the scratched penny in hydrochloric acid, where the following reaction occurs between the zinc and the HCl (the copper remains undissolved):
Zn(s)+2HCl(aq)→H2(g)+ZnCl2(aq)
The student collects the hydrogen produced over water at 25 ∘C. The collected gas occupies a volume of 0.903 L at a total pressure of 786 mmHg .

Calculate the percent zinc in the penny. (Assume that all the Zn in the penny dissolves.)

The samples of cyclohexane and toluene you collected during distillation were kept in a fridge for a week before being analyzed by GC. Explain what would be different about the GC analysis results if they were kept out on a shelf in lab instead. Refer to each fraction collected

The dibasic compound B (pKb1 = 4.03, pKb2 = 8.06) was titrated with 1.18 M HCl. The initial solution of B was 0.118 M and had a volume of 100.0 mL. Find the pH at the following volumes of acid added: Va = 0.00, 2.00, 5.00, 9.00, 10.00, 11.00, 15.00, 19.00, 20.00, and 22.00 mL. (Assume Kw = 1.01 ✕ 10−14.)

Provide a desription of the Kreb's cycle in the biosynthesis of amino acid