Question

.Includes a summary of the conditions with definition, signs and symptoms and treatment

Cardio
1. Anemia
2. Hypertension
3. Dysrhythmias
4. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
5. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
6. Myocardial Infarction

Answer 1

1-
Anemia:
It is the deficiency in the number of erythrocytes,the quantity or quality of hemoglobin and/or the volume of packed RBC.

Signs and symptoms:
Clinical manifestations of anemia are caused by the body's response to hypoxia.

Integumentary system -
Mild:None
Moderate:None
Severe:Pallor,jaundice,pruritis.
Eyes -
Mild: None
Moderate:None
Severe:Icteric conjunctiva and sclera,retinal hemorrhage

Mouth -
Mild:None
Moderate:None
Severe:Glossitis,smooth tongue

Cardiovascular system -
Mild:Palpitations
Moderate:Bounding pulse
Severe:Tachycardia,increased pulse pressure,systolic murmurs,intermittent claudication,angina,heart failure,MI

Pulmonary system -
Mild:Exertion dyspnea
Moderate:Dyspnea
Severe:Tachypnea,Orthopnea

General -
Mild:None or mild fatigue
Moderate:Fatigue
Severe:Sensitivity to cold,weight loss,lethargy

Treatment:

Encourage alternate rest and activity periods.

Encourage food high in iron to provide nutrient needed for hemoglobin production.

Drug therapy:Oral iron should be used. It should be taken one hour before meal. Daily dosage is 150-200mg.

In some situations parenteral iron is also used.

2-
Hypertension
It is defined as a persistent systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or more, diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or more.

Signs and symptoms;
Hypertension is called silent killer because it is frequently asymptomatic until it becomes severe an target organ disease occurs.
A patient with severe hypertension may experience a variety of symptoms.
It includes fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, angina and dyspnea.

Treatment:
Life style modifications are very important in hypertension treatment.
Reduce weight.
Dash eating plan - It promotes fruits ,vegetables,fat free milk,grains,fish,beans,seeds and nuts.
Reduce sodium intake.
Moderate alcohol consumption.
Physical active lifestyle is essential.
Avoid tobacco products.
Drug therapy :

Diuretics;
Example - Furosemide,chlorothiazide,

Adrenergic inhibitors;
Example - Clonidine,Methyldopa.

Vasodilators;
Example - Nitroglycerin

Angiotensin inhibitors;

Calcium channel blockers.

3 -
Dysrhythmia
It is the abnormal cardiac rhythms.

Types:
Sinus bradycardia.
Sinus tachycardia.
Premature supraventricular construction.
Premature atrial contraction.
Atrial flutter.
Atrial fibrillation.
Junctional dysrhythmia.
First degree AV block.
Second degree AV block.
Third degree AV block.
Premature ventricular contractions.
Ventricular tachycardia.
Ventricular fibrillation.
Asystole.

Signs and symptoms:
Pale cool skin,hypotension, weakness, angina,dizziness, confusion, shortness of breath, palpitations, sense of skipped beat,reduced stroke volume.

Treatment:
Drug therapy:
Sodium channel blockers.
Adrenergic blockers.
Potassium channel blockers.
Calcium channel blockers.
Other antidysrhythmic drugs.

4 -
Congestive Heart failure
It is an abnormal clinical syndrome that involves inadequate pumping and /or filling of the heart.
The terms acute an chronic heart failure have replaced the term congestive heart failure in clinical practice.
Types:
Left sided heart failure
Right sided heart failure.

Signs and symptoms;
Right sided :
Signs - RV heaves,murmurs,jugular venous distension,weight gain,ascites,increased heart rate etc
Symptoms - Fatigue,Anxiety,depression,dependent bilateral edema,Right upper quadrant pain,anorexia,GI bleeding,Nausea

Left sided :
Signs - L V heaves,pulsus alternans ,increased heart rate,crackles,pleural effusion,changes in mental status etc.

Symptoms - weakness,fatigue,dyspnea,shallow respirations,paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea,orthopnea,dry hacking cough,nocturia,frothy pink tinged sputum.

Treatment ;
Treatment of underlying cause.
Circulatory assist devices.
Daily weights.
Sodium and possibly fluid restricted diet.
High Fowler's position.
Oxygen supply.
Rest activity periods.
Cardiac rehabilitation.
Drug therapy :
Diuretics,Renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors,vasodilators,beta adrenergic blockers, positive inotropic agents , morphine,antidysrhythmic drugs,anticoagulants.

Cardiac transplantation.
Palliative and end of life care.

5 -
Coronary artery disease
It is a type of blood vessel disorder caused by atherosclerosis. It is characterized by deposits of lipids within the layer of arteries.

Signs and symptoms:
Severe chest pain
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
Cardiovascular manifestations;decreased cardiac output,crackles,hepatic engorgement,peripheral edema etc.
Nausea and vomiting
Fever

Treatment :
Physical activity programmes
Nutritional therapy to lower fatty foods and provide appropriate diet plan.
Drug therapy -

Lipid lowering drug therapy:
Reduce lipoprotein production
Statins ; Atorvastatin
Niacin
Fibric acid derivatives
Omega-3 fatty Acid.

Increase lipoprotein removal
Bile acid sequestrant.

Decrease cholesterol absorption
Cholesterol absorption inhibitor.

6 -
Myocardial infarction
It occurs because of sustained ischemia ,causing irreversible myocardial cell death.

Signs and symptoms:
Same as coronary artery disease.

Treatment also same as coronary artery disease.