Question

Module Reading: Solomon Chapters 17 and 18

Module Objectives:

1. Describe the characteristics of the three classifications of Spina Bifida: occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele.
2. Describe the frequency, pattern, types, and classification of cerebral palsy
3. Identify the impaired progression of movement associated with cerebral palsy.
4. Describe the components of normal postural control and movement in children who have cerebral palsy.
5. Recognize the differences between motor development, motor learning, and motor control.
6. Explain ways in which normal muscle tone and impaired muscle tone influence movement.
7. Describe general treatment precautions associated with specific pediatric conditions.
8. Explain how proper positioning and handling can prevent contractures and increase functional movement.

Answer 1

ANSWERS:-

1) Describe the characteristics of the three classifications of Spina Bifida-

- When the spinal cord and spinal canal fails to close and the spinal cord or the membranes are protruded outside through vertebrea at birth it is called spina bifida.It is a birth defect due to defect in neural tube formation and closure during fetal development.

*Spina Bifida Occulta:- It is the least severe form .There will be a very small opening,but no herniation or sac formation.There can be a dimple formation on the skin and it is unnoticed.There is no  disabilities.

* Meningocele:- It is the herniation or protrution of meninges through the vertibrae and form a sac .the spinal cord is not protruded.This cause no or little damage to the nerves and can cause minor disabilities.

* Myelomeningocele:- It is the severe form of Spina Bifida .the meninges( covering of spinal cord) spinal cord and cerebro-spinal fluid with nerve roots are protruded outside and form a sac.This occurs during the third week of fetal development due to failure of complete closure of the neural tube. This cause damage to nerves and affects the lower limbs.

2)Describe the frequency,pattern,types,and clasification of cerebral palsy.

* Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders caused by abnormality in development of nerves or damage to brain and nerves before or during delivery.

TYPES and CLASSIFICATION of Cerebral Palsy:

a) According to Neurologic Deficits-

i) Pyramidal- due to damage in the motor areas of the cerebral cortex

ii) Extrapyramidal- due to problems in basal ganglia and cerebellum

iii) Mixed ( Both pyramidal and extrapyramidal)

b) According to types of movements

i) Spastic cerebral palsy( Pyramidal)  - characterized by persistent primitive reflexes

TYPES OF SPASTIC PALSY:-

.. Hemiplegia-weakness on one side of the body,upper extremity is more affected than lower.

.. Diplegia- paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides ,lower extremities are more affected than upper.

.. Tetraplegia (quadriplegia) - paralysis of all four extremities.

.. Monoplegia- only one extremity is affected

.. Paraplegia- paralysis of lower half of the body including legs.

ii) Athethoid cerebral palsy - have involuntary ,irregular jerky movements of extremities,trunk,neck,facial muscles,and tongue.

iii) Ataxic cerebral palsy - wide based gait,rapid repetitivemovements

c) According to degree of severity

i) Mild CP- 20% Not require help for ambulation

ii) Moderate - 50% ,require help for ambulation

iii) Severe- 30% totally incapacitated and bedridden ,completely depend on others.