Question

CAGE (Cutdown, Annoyed, Guilt, Eyeopener) is one of the screening instruments used for alcohol/drug assessments. Can you explain me WELL about CAGE? I want to understand perfectly about CAGE. I also need references for it.

Answer 1

AUDIT

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a ten-item questionnaire approved by way of the World Health Organization to display patients for hazardous (risky) and unsafe alcohol consumption. It used to be developed from a WHO multi-country collaborative study,the items being selected for the AUDIT being the fine performing of approximately 150 gadgets which include in the unique survey. It is broadly used as a precis measure of alcohol use and associated problems. It has application in main health care, clinical clinics, and sanatorium gadgets and performs properly in these settings. Using one-of-a-kind cut-off points, it can additionally display for Alcohol Use Disorder (DSM-5) and Alcohol Dependence. Guidelines for the use of the AUDIT have been posted through WHO and are reachable in several languages.It has turn out to be a broadly used instrument and has been translated into approximately fifty languages.

The AUDIT consists of ten questions, all of which ask in an explicit manner about alcohol:

•Questions 1 to three ask about consumption of alcohol (frequency, quantity or standard drinking occasions, and consumption probably to reason impairment);

•Possible dependence on alcohol (Questions 4 to 6), and

•Harmful alcohol use, inclusive of situation expressed by others (Questions 7 to 10).

Each question is scored between zero and four relying on the response and so the total rating stages between zero and 40 Based on responses in the unique WHO multi-centre learn about a score of 8 or extra is the threshold for figuring out hazardous or detrimental alcohol consumption with a score of 15 or greater indicating possibly alcohol dependence, and 20 or extra indicating likely extreme dependence and harm. Using the cut-off point of 8, its performance in the original collaborative WHO study indicated a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 94% for the diagnoses of hazardous and unsafe alcohol consumption.

The AUDIT was designed to be used internationally, and was once derived from a WHO collaborative learn about drawing patients from six countries, representing one of a kind areas of the world and different political and monetary systems. More than 300 research have been undertaken to take a look at its usefulness and validity in quite a number settings. Multiple research have located that the AUDIT is a reliable and legitimate measure in figuring out alcohol abuse, hazardous consumption and unsafe alcohol use (consumption main to actual harm) and it has also been discovered to be a legitimate indicator for severity of alcohol dependence. There is some evidence that the AUDIT works in youngsters and younger adults; it seems much less correct in older adults. It seems well-suited for use with university students, and additionally with female and members of minority groups.There has also been giant proof for its use in the trauma patient populace to display for viable alcohol use disorders. In the trauma affected person population, AUDIT has been proven to be extra nice at identifying feasible alcohol abuse than medical doctor judgement and the blood alcohol content material (BAC) test.

What is CAGE ?

•The CAGE questionnaire, the title of which is an acronym of its four questions, is a extensively used screening take a look at for hassle consuming and achievable alcohol problems. The questionnaire takes much less than one minute to administer, and is frequently used in important care or other frequent settings as a speedy screening device as an alternative than as an in-depth interview for these who have alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire does not have a unique intended population, and is meant to find those who drink excessively and need treatment. The CAGE questionnaire is dependable and valid; however, it is no longer valid for diagnosis of different substance use disorders, even though really modified variations of the CAGE questionnaire have been frequently applied for such a purpose.

•The CAGE questionnaire asks the following questions:

1.Have you ever felt you wished to Cut down on your drinking?

2.Have people Annoyed you via criticizing your drinking?

3.Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking?

4.Have you ever felt you needed a drink first component in the morning (Eye-opener) to regular your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?

Two "yes" responses point out that the opportunity of alcoholism must be investigated further.

The CAGE questionnaire, among different methods, has been appreciably validated for use in figuring out alcoholism.CAGE is considered a validated screening technique with high ranges of sensitivity and specificity. It has been validated by way of receiver operating characteristic analysis, setting up its capacity to display for trouble drinking behaviors.

CAGE is an acronym fashioned from the italicized phrases in the questionnaire (cut-annoyed-guilty- eye). The CAGE is a easy screening questionnaire to id manageable troubles with alcohol. Two “yes” responses is viewed fantastic for males; one “yes” is considered high quality for females.

Why is CAGE used?

The CAGE questionnaire is a collection of 4 questions that docs can use to check for signs of viable alcohol dependency. The questions are designed to be much less evident than at once asking anyone if they have a problem with alcohol.

Advantages of cage;

• Short and efficient.

• Easy to memorize.

• Simple scoring system.

• The questions are easy to understand.

• The most widely utilised alcohol screening tool.

Disadvantages of cage;

• Patients should be coherent and in a position to talk.

• Requires sufferers to reply the questions honestly.

• Patients may be less possibly to reply the questions sincerely in the front of the visitors.

When and how it was made ?

The CAGE questionnaire was once developed in 1968 at North Carolina Memorial Hospital to combat the paucity of screening measures to detect trouble consuming behaviors. The unique study, performed in a ordinary hospital population where 130 sufferers were randomly selected to partake in an in-depth interview, efficiently isolated 4 questions that make up the questionnaire these days due to their capability to notice the sixteen alcoholics from the rest of the patients. The CAGE questionnaire was first verbally at a meeting in Australia in 1970,4 and Ewing and Rouse, who devised this tool, have been each clinicians who also performed research. From 1970 to 1984, 17 reviews had already been posted the use of the CAGE questionnaire, but it used to be the JAMA article1 that referred to as it to wide attention.

Reference

•Ford DE, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Goldsmith M, Levine D. Physician knowledge of the CAGE alcohol screening questions and its impact on practical. Alcohol. 1994;29(3):329-3367945574

•"The Impact of T-ACASI Interviewing on Reported Drug Use amongst Men Who Have Sex with Men".