Question

Describe some of the tools that the United States has used to conduct foreign policy. What is the role of diplomacy? What has been the influence of the United Nations (UN) since it was created? What did the United States do to create a new international monetary structure after World War II?

Answer 1

Major tools of US foreign policy:

The foreign policy of the United States is how to set the standards of communication with foreign countries and its organizations, corporations and system citizens in the United States.

The term foreign policy refers to the international objectives of a state and strategies to achieve those goals. Foreign policy makers follow the same five steps that make public policy:

Agenda setting: A problem is important in the agenda.

Formulation: Creates and discusses possible policies.

Adoption: The government is adopting a policy.

Implementation: Implementing the appropriate government agency policy.

Evaluation: Officials and agencies assess whether the policy has succeeded.

However, unlike domestic policy, foreign policy making is usually less likely to be public. In the United States, the president serves as chief diplomat and is charged with doing us foreign policy. The president uses three tools to make foreign policy:

Diplomacy

Foreign Aid

Military force

Diplomacy:

Diplomacy is an activity that engages with other countries, usually through discussions and mediations. Diplomacy includes meetings between political leaders, sending diplomatic messages and making public statements about relations between countries. For example, the US president often hosts leaders at the White House and top diplomats in other countries to discuss a variety of issues. Most diplomacy is behind the curtain as officials hold secret talks or meet privately for key discussions.

Foreign Aid:

States often help each other to improve relations and achieve their own foreign policy goals. There are two types of foreign aid:

Military Aid:

States donate, sell or trade military equipment and technology to affect the balance of military power in some of the major parts of the world.

Economic aid:

States donate or take loans to other countries to boost economic development.

Military Force:

In some cases, states use military force or threat of military force to achieve their foreign policy goals. The use of military forces often puts pressure on the weaker states to get what they need.

Role of diplomacy:

Diplomacy is the main instrument of foreign policy, which represents broad ergonomic objectives and strategies that lead to a state's interaction with the rest of the world. International treaties, agreements, alliances, and other demonstrations of foreign policy are usually the result of diplomatic discussions and processes.

Purpose of diplomacy:

The purpose of diplomacy is to strengthen the state, country or organization in which it serves in relation to others by putting forward interests in its responsibility. ... It is routine, but consistently, trying to maintain peace; Diplomacy is strongly inclined towards negotiations to reach agreements and resolve disputes between states.

Influence of the United Nations (UN) since it was created:

The UN is a growth of the Atlantic Charter. On January 1, 1942, the United Nations declared that 26 countries would fight against the axis forces.

The United States is the host of the United Nations headquarters, which includes the usual meeting place of the New York City General Meeting on the country's northeast coast. The United States (8.5 percent of China has 12 percent of the next largest contributor compared to Japan), and the United Nations provides 22 percent of the unbudgeted for the entire 2020 budget because of its financial contributions. The US has provided 28.6 percent of the budget used for peacekeeping from July 2016 to June 2017. The UNITED STATES has a major role to play in the establishment of the UN.

The United Nations is important in the international system, because it changes the state character. Yet, students have addressed a systematic investigation into how and how national behaviour is being modified by contacting UN processes.

In the case of the United States, the scientific study of UN influence on national policy is practically invalid.

In the post-war period, the unstudied were clearly for the organization rather than the relationship between the national policy and the international organization.

The United Nations was primarily judged on the basis of its own stated objectives and principles and gained primary relevance in national policies, which they contributed or interfered with the proper functioning of the organizational processes and its achievement.

The United Nations' relations have been subjected to special scrutiny, for reasons of widespread interaction with the World Organization and the productivity of American scholars.

International monetary structure after World War II:

Bretton Woods System:

Bretton Woods established a dollar-based payment system, which defined all currencies in relation to the dollar, which can be converted into gold and, above all, as good as gold for trading"" The US currency is now effectively the world currency, the standard calculated by all other currencies.

After World War II, the U.S.-led Western allies adopted an international monetary system in Bretton Woods in 1944.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established by the Bretton Woods Agreement.

The agreement foresaw the need to change the exchange rate from time to time between the various currencies of the Western allies.

At that time, it was considered a rarely used and extraordinary emergency operation, and most countries, especially industrialized countries, did not have to resort to it.

A set of rules were formulated at an International Monetary Conference held in July 1944 to facilitate and facilitate the growth of international economic and commercial activities after World War II.

This is the Bretton Woods Agreement that led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund, or IMF.

The immunity's stated objectives include:

1. Development and balanced growth of international trade.

2. Promote exchange rate stability among international currencies, and

3. Reduce the term of the international balance of payment spawning member states and reduce the amount of illness.

So far, the only goal is the growth of international trade.

Balance of payment concept

The US experiences a payment balance deficit when more THAN the US dollar is released from the country.

Americans leave the dollar when they buy (import) or invest abroad.

On the other hand, when foreigners buy US-made goods and services or foreigners invest here in the US, the dollar enters the country.

These are not the causes of the international dollar flow, but important.

International payments, military and non-military grants, international aid, etc.

The Bretton Woods deal worked well in the first few years of its existence, perhaps being cautious as the IMF was in its infancy.

By the 1950s, the first signs of trouble had begun to appear.

Since then, the United States has continued to collect payment balance deficits, only rare and trivial exceptions.

The question is how the US has escaped this constant deficit collection so long as no other country can. Simple answer: By convincing the debtor countries that the US dollar is a way to solve its deficit.

Since the US dollar continues to be collected in foreign central banks, it was always thought that a simple reverse of policies would overcome this trend in time.

Meanwhile, as long as the US government follows its policy of converting their dollar into gold, there is no possibility of a run in us gold stocks.

If you run in gold, the US will lose.

But most Western countries will do so, because gold-supported US currency units will be held.

As this becomes clearer with time, the Bretton Woods deal practically discriminated against the US.

The US took over the role of a proprietary money supplier to the world.

The purchase system provided foreign made goods and/or services to the US.

The credit system (combined with euro and Asia-dollar markets) allowed US corporations to invest capital abroad; That is, buy foreign companies and production facilities or create such facilities on foreign soil.

In exchange for this accumulation of wealth, the US money printing presses have done nothing but run a little faster.

The only way to make the US dollar available to the outside world was to make payment balance deficit.

The more the deficit increases, the more international fluid.

The world spent, spent and spent policies to meet their increasing lynching and localized war adventures.

These activities were indirectly funded by the US dollar as the world's reserve currency through the IMF.

The fact that the pre-1971 international monetary system favoured the US was not the only area of conflict among the major western countries.

At least the so-called M1-concept is defined as the money: all non-US bank accounts and currency are checked by the public.

They closely monitor this portion of the total money created by the Federation to ensure that it is under the control of the economy.

The Fed is not concerned about the distribution of dollars held abroad, as the US dollar held by private or foreign central banks outside the US does not fall under the M1 category.