In: Nursing
The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down
Would you assign blame for Lia's tragedy? If so, to whom? How do you think Anne Fadiman would respond to this question?
As a way of coping with the grief and uncertainty of Lia’s
medical complications, both the Lee family and MCMC’s team of
doctors try to assign blame. They are constantly seeking to decide
if the other party has acted ethically or unethically, which is in
part due to the fact that both the family and the doctors believe
that their power hierarchies have been undermined. The doctors feel
disrespected by the Lees’ unwillingness to wholly trust their
advice, while the Lees are angry that the doctors dismiss their
beliefs about Lia’s condition. This is particularly painful for the
Lees because the doctors’ dismissal seems, in part, racially
tinged. With both the Lee family and the doctors feeling that their
authority is threatened in a life-or-death situation, everyone
seems prone to leverage what power they have to discredit the
other.
The Lees, for their part, appear particularly eager to blame other
people for Lia’s sickness—and not only her doctors, either. For
Lia’s initial seizure, they blamed their older daughter Yerslamming
a door, and when Lia fell off a swing and went into status
epilepticus, Nao Kaodetermined that her teacher made her drop off
the swing. It’s difficult to say why the Lees—who are kind,
well-meaning people—appear so quick to blame others, but perhaps it
is a reaction to the distress of seeing a loved one in pain.
Blaming, it seems, gives the Lees agency. This suggests that they
yearn for some sort of power, which makes sense, given that they
live in a country that gives them few opportunities and that looks
down on them. Furthermore, since they can’t perform the rituals and
healing ceremonies that would normally give them a sense of power
over Lia’s condition, the Lees’ best chance of coming to terms with
Lia’s misfortune is by blaming somebody in the very community that
has so much power over them. Pointing the finger at Lia’s teachers
or doctors or social workers gives them a tangible outlet for their
helpless and lovesick worries.
The most prominent manifestation of this sort of blame is, of
course, Nao Kao and Foua’s belief that the doctors at the
Children’s Valley Hospital—where Lia was treated for septic
shock—actually made her sicker. Readers steeped in the culture of
Western medicine may find this an absurd misplacement of blame, but
it’s worth considering the fact that Depakene, the medication given
to Lia to keep her from seizing, may have made her more susceptible
to septic shock. “Go back to Merced,” Dr. Hutchinson told Fadiman
after Lia lost almost all brain activity, “and tell all those
people at MCMC that the family didn’t do this to the kid. We did.”
In this statement, Hutchinson makes it clear that the Lees should
not be held accountable for what happened to Lia; all of Lia’s
doctors himself included should recognize their own shortcomings in
this particular situation. In doing so, he essentially reinforces
the notion that somebody must be at fault for what happened to Lia,
a notion that once more demonstrates the human tendency to seek
meaning (by way of fault and blame) in the face of difficult
emotions even if it means blaming oneself.
Neil and Peggy also blame others. As shown by his suggestion that
Lia be taken away by Child Protective Services, Neil portrays Nao
Kao and Foua as ill-equipped to care for their own daughter. This
is, of course, based on their inability or unwillingness to follow
the course of treatment he suggested. In effect, Neil was so
confident that his plan was the right one that he used his power as
a doctor to hold Nao Kao and Foua responsible for the problems Lia
was having. According to most of his colleagues, this was a
surprisingly ill-advised move, one that failed to take into account
the fact that Nao Kao and Foua were extremely attentive, loving
parents.
Fadiman herself doesn’t take a strong position about how or even
whether blame should be assigned to individuals. Instead, she
illuminates the various failures of empathy and inquiry that led to
Lia’s tragic medical crisis, and shows the well-meaning logic
behind both the doctors’ and the Lee family’s decisions. Although
Fadiman respects both sides and doesn’t condemn either the Lees or
their doctors, she does subvert the expectation that Western
medicine is unequivocally effective, thereby asking readers to
question the biases inherent to a system that most Westerners
consider to be objective and rational. By placing Western medicine
and Hmong spirituality in a non-hierarchical comparison, Fadiman
implicitly attributes blame for Lia’s condition on the failure of
the two systems to be effectively reconciled.