Rapid polymorphism of antigenic makeup is one of the microbial evasion strategies, what does that means?,...

Rapid polymorphism of antigenic makeup is one of the microbial evasion strategies, what does that means?, what would be the complications of this on the immune system? and search for an example of a pathogen have this kind of evasion. (100 – 150 words)

Expert Solution

Rapid polymorphism of the antigen is nothing but the antigenic variations incurred by the microbe to evade the hosts immune system. The term polymorphism is nothing but the ability of a gene or protein to take up many forms which is usually as a result of mutation, site specific DNA inversions or recombination of genes. In technical terms, Antigenic variation refers to the expression of functionally conserved moieties within a clonal population that are antigenically distinct.

Antigen is the part recogonized by the anitbodies of the immune system upon invasion of microbes. When microbes undergo antigenic variations the antibodies will not recogonize the newly modified allele of the known antigen of the microbe to which the immune system has been already exposed. This is a challenge to not only the newly infected but also is capable of causing reinfection to the already infected.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is one common example of anitgenic variations. Many pathogenic organisms use homologous recombination to vary surface antigens to avoid immune attack. Neisseria gonorrhoeae antigenic variation occurs by changing the properties of its surface pili in a process called pilin antigenic variation (AV) which takes place by high-frequency gene conversion reactions that transfer silent pilS sequences into the expressed pilE locus and requires the formation of an upstream guanine quartet (G4) DNA structure to initiate this process. The MutS and MutL proteins of the mismatch correction (MMC) system act to correct mismatches after replication and prevent homeologous (i.e., partially homologous) recombination, but MutS orthologs can also bind to G4 structures. Neisseria gonorrhoeae continually changes its outer surface proteins to avoid recognition by the immune system.

gladiator answered 1 year ago

what is DNA polymorphism and define SNP what does it meangenetically

what is DNA polymorphism and define SNP what does it mean genetically

What is UDGT and it polymorphism? and how does it effect irinotecan

Briefly describe one microbial fermentation. What does fermentation recycle to keep glycolysis functioning?

Using layman’s terms, explain antigenic shift. What is an intigen and how does it get “shifted”?...

Using layman’s terms, explain antigenic shift. What is an intigen and how does it get “shifted”? Why does some antigenic shift sometimes leads to pandemic in humans, whereas sometimes it leads to virus that generally does not infect humans?

besides rapid cycle testing, what are other improvement strategies used in the industry today?

of the three types of life cycles which one occurs in humans? what does it means?...

of the three types of life cycles which one occurs in humans? what does it means? which type of cell in an organism is diploid? during prophase1 of meiosis1, an exchange of segments of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occurs. what is that process called? what is the purpose of this process? how is meiosis 2 similar to mitotic division? what are final products of meiosis?

What is a Rapid Antigen Detection Test and how does it work?

How does one determine whether a microbial change in a food product constitutes food spoilage or...

How does one determine whether a microbial change in a food product constitutes food spoilage or a beneficial food process? It depends on the taste preferences of the consumer Food spoilage occurs with pathogenic microbes Beneficial food processes have alcohol content above 4% Food spoilage can be controlled by refrigeration Spoilage causes food borne illness, but beneficial food changes do not

What are some Direct Instructions Strategies for teaching children about what it means to be emotionally...

What are some Direct Instructions Strategies for teaching children about what it means to be emotionally or mentally healthy, include the modeling strategies for instruction, guided practice activity that would be whole group to check for understanding, and an independent practice activity.

What does it mean to have a benefit-cost ratio greater than 1 (one)? A. It means...

What does it mean to have a benefit-cost ratio greater than 1 (one)? A. It means that the policy is too costly in comparison to the benefits B. It means that present value of benefits is greater than present value of costs C. It means that present value of costs is greater than present value of benefits D. It means that the policy is inefficient You have to recommend one alternative from two or more alternatives. If your recommendation has...

Question