Question

What is Alzheimer’s Disease and how does amyloid beta factor into the development and progression of the disease?

The APRN is called by the ICU staff because the patient’s ICP has risen to 22 mmHg. The APRN recognizes the urgent need to lower the ICP. The APRN institutes measures to decrease the ICP and increase the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). What are the factors that determine CPP?

Describe how osteoarthritis develops and forms and distinguish primary osteoarthritis from secondary arthritis.  

Answer 1

1) Alziemers disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. In most people with the disease—those with the late-onset type—symptoms first appear in their mid-60s.Alzheimer's is not a normal part of aging.Alzheimer's worsens over time.Alzheimer's has no current cure, but treatments for symptoms are available and research continues.

Plaques form when protein pieces called beta-amyloid clump together. Beta-amyloid comes from a larger protein found in the fatty membrane surrounding nerve cells. Beta-amyloid is chemically "sticky" and gradually builds up into plaques.In the Alzheimer's brain, abnormal levels of this naturally occurring protein clump together to form plaques that collect between neurons and disrupt cell function.

2) Blood flow to the brain is called cerebral perfusion pressure. Blood pressure and intracranial pressure affect the cerebral perfusion pressure. If the blood pressure is low and/or the intracranial pressure is high, the blood flow to the brain may be limited. This causes decreased cerebral perfusion pressure

3) Sometimes called wear and tear of arthritis, osteoartrities is the most common arthrities. When the soft cushion between bones and cartilage break down joints can become painful, swollen and hard to move. OA can occur at any joint but it most commonly occur at hip, knee, ankle and wrist joint. There are two types of OA:-

• Primary osteoarthritis:- Wear and tear on joints as people age cause primary OA. Therefore it starts showing up in people between the ages of 55 and 60.
• Secondary Osteoarthritis:- Secondary OA involves a specific trigger that exacerbates cartilage breakdown