1-For each of the descriptions given, tell whether this most closely describes TH1 cells, TH2 cells,...

1-For each of the descriptions given, tell whether this most closely describes TH1 cells, TH2 cells, TH17 cells, CD8+ cells, or all T cells.

(a) Causes macrophage over-activation leading to granulomas in leprosy

(b) Involved in asthma by producing IL-5, a growth factor for eosinophils

(c) Produces IL-10, which reduces inflammatory responses

(d) Produces IL-17 and IL-22 to protect against some fungal infections

(e) Kills tumor cells that have tumor-specific peptides bound to their surface MHC class I molecules

(f) Produces IL-2 as a T cell growth factor

(g) Helps B cells make complement fixing isotypes of IgG through IFN γ production

2- Ipilimumab (Yervoy) was approved by the FDA in 2011 for the treatment of melanoma, a type of skin cancer. It binds to the cell surface molecule CTLA4.

(a) With what molecular interaction does this antibody interfere? i.e. what does CTLA4 normally interact with?

(b) On what cell is the molecule expressed that interacts with CTLA4?

(c) What would be the expected effect of Yervoy on an anti-tumor immune response? Stimulate or inhibit? Which cells?

Expert Solution

1a)Causes macrophage over-activation leading to granulomas in leprosy - Th1 cells - In leprosy, most of the the activated T cells are T helper 1 cells. They are activators of monocytes, macrophages and of other T cells and contribute to the accumulation of the cells necessary for granuloma formation.

b) Involved in asthma by producing IL-5, a growth factor for eosinophils - Th2 cells - Th2 cytokine producing T-cells help the recruitment of eosinophils into the lungs. Eosinophils are circulating granulocytes, for which IL-5 acts as a growth factor.

c) Produces IL-10, which reduces inflammatory responses - Th2 and CD8+ cells - IL-10 is produced by Th2 cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and various subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. IL-10 is involved in immunoregulation and inflammation.

d) Produces IL-17 and IL-22 to protect against some fungal infections - Th17 cells - Th17 help in mucosal barriers and clearing pathogens on the mucosal surfaces. Their development is distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells.

gladiator answered 1 year ago

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