Question

What are the abnormal characteristics of lymph nodes associated with acute infection, chronic inflammation, and cancer?

What are the facial characteristics that occur with Down syndrome?

Discuss three concentric coats of the eyeball.

Distinguish between direct light reflex and consensual light reflex.

Discuss visual changes that occur with older adults.

Describe the functions of the middle ear.

Discuss using an otoscope for an infant vs an adult.

Identify the types of hearing loss.

Answer 1

1. What are the abnormal characteristics of lymph nodes associated with acute infection, chronic inflammation, and cancer?

Abnormal characteristics of lymph nodes associated with acute infection:

Acute Infection: acute onset infection, <14 days of duration, nodes are bilateral, enlarged, warm, tender, and firm but freely movable. Nodes with HIV infection are enlarged, firm, nontender, and mobile.

Abnormal characteristics of lymph nodes associated with Chronic inflammation (lymphadenitis)

• Swollen, painful, tender, or hard lymph nodes/glands
• The skin over a node is red and warm to the touch
• Fever with the following symptoms:
  • Chills
  • Loss of appetite
  • Heavy perspiration
  • Rapid pulse
  • General weakness
• Difficulty swallowing
• Difficulty breathing
• Neck stiffness

Abnormal characteristics of lymph nodes of associated with cancer (lymphoma)

Painless swelling of lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin.

Persistent fatigue.

Fever.

Night sweats.

Shortness of breath.

Unexplained weight loss.

Itchy skin.

Hard, non tender, non movable lymph nodes are more characteristics of cancer spread in lymph nodes.

2. What are the facial characteristics that occur with Down syndrome?

Down syndrome is a condition person has extra chromosomes. Chromosomes are small packages of genes in the body.

Facial characteristics that occur with down syndrome

• Decreased or poor muscle tone
• A flattened face, especially the bridge of the nose
• Almond-shaped eyes that slant up
• A short neck with excess skin with back of the neck
• Small ears
• A tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth
• Tiny white spots on the iris (colored part) of the eye called brush field spots
• Small head, ears and mouth
• Upward slanting eyes

3. Discuss three concentric coats of the eyeball.

Three concentric coats of eye ball

• The outer layer of the eyeball is a tough, white, opaque membrane called the sclera (the white of the eye). ...
• The middle layer is the choroid. ...
• The inner layer is the retina, which lines the back two-thirds of the eyeball.

5. Discuss visual changes that occur with older adults.

The fat pads assisting the eyes limit and the eyes sink into their sockets. The eye muscles end up less in a position to entirely rotate the eye. As you age, the sharpness of your vision (visual acuity) steadily declines. The most common hassle is situation focusing the eyes on close-up objects.

Common age-related vision problems include presbyopia, glaucoma, dry eyes, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts and temporal arteritis. You ought to make sure to keep up with ordinary eye physician appointments, especially if you have diabetes.

6. Describe the functions of the middle ear.

The essential function of the middle ear is to offset the decrease in acoustic power that would happen if the low impedance ear canal air immediately contacted the high-impedance cochlear fluid. When a sound wave is transferred from a low-impedance medium (eg, air) to one of high impedance (eg, water), a tremendous amount of its power is mirrored and fails to enter the liquid. If no center ear were present, solely 0.1% of the acoustic wave strength touring through air would enter the fluid of the cochlea and 99.9% would be reflected.

8. Identify the types of hearing loss.

There are 4 types of hearing loss

Sensorineural

Auditory processing disorders

Conductive

mixed