Question

5. Some of the metabolic pathways were just introduced at the end of CHEM 400/500, summer 2018. Fill in missing the information for these pathways in the following table. We will be studying these pathways and the body’s regulation of these pathways during Biochemistry II. (18 pts)

Pathway	Overall Reaction (major reactants and products)(1 pt each)	Functions of the pathway. Include both major and minor functions (0.5 pt each).	Is the pathway aerobic or anaerobic? Is it considered catabolic, anabolic or both. Explain (1 pt each)	In what tissues does this take place and in what compartment(s) of the cell is this pathway localized? (0.5 pt each)
	{Type full overall reaction here}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}
	{Type full overall reaction here}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}
	{Type overall reaction of one round here}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}
	{Type overall reaction of one round here starting with a C16 saturated fatty acid}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}
Electron Transport	{Type overall reaction here starting with NADH}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}
Oxidative Phosphorylation	{Type overall reaction of here}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}	{Type full answer here}

Answer 1

Pathway	Overall reaction (major reactants and Products)	Functions of the pathway - major and minor	Is the pathway aerobic or anaerobic? Is it considered catabolic, anabolic or both. Explain (1 pt each)	In what tissues does this take place and in what compartment(s) of the cell is this pathway localized? (0.5 pt each)
Glycogenesis	Glucose (the reactant) to Glu-6-phosphate to glu-1-PO4 to UDP-glucose to glycogen amylose to Glycogen (product)	Excess Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in adipose tissue	The pathway is aerobic since there is no fermentation This is anabolic pathway of glycogen synthesis.	Cytosol of the cell is the site of reaction . Liver and muscle are the principal tissues along with most other tissues except mature RBC, brain, kidneys store glycogen.
Glycolysis	Glucose (reactant) to glucose-6-PO4 to fructose-6-PO4 to fructose-1,6-bisPO4 to DHAP & Glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 to 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate (product) to lactate (product).	Patheay is meant for the catabolism of glucose to provide energy.	The pathway provides two products. If pyruvate is the product, it is aerobic since it undergoes oxidation finally to trnsfer e- to O2. If lactate is the product, it is anaerobic since no utilization of O2.	It takes place in the cytosol of tissues, principally, erythrocytes, white striated muscles, brain, kidneys.
Kreb's cycle	Oxaloacetate (reactant) combines with acetyl CoA to produce citrate which is converted to cis-aconitate then to isocitrate to oxalosuccinate to alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate to fumarate to malate and finally to oxaloacetate (product)	Complete catabolism or breakdown of glucose.to provide energy. It provides precursors for porphyrins, aminoacids, fattyacids and steroids.	It is aerobic, since NADH, FADH2 produced in the pathway are finally transferring electrons to molecular oxygen. It is catabolic.	It operates in mitochondrial matrix and it is highly operative in cardiac muscle, liver and red straited muscle, brain. But not in RBC.
beta-oxidation	Acyl-CoA (C16)(reactant) to delta2-trans-Enoyl-CoA to 3-ketoacyl CoA to Acyl CoA of two carbons less (C14) and acetyl CoA (2products)	It breaks down the saturated fattyacid, shortens the chain length and provide various short chain fatty acids. Also acetyl CoA is available as the product of pathway.	It is aerobic since NADH transfers e to O2 and acetylCoA enters in Kreb's cycle. It is catabolic	It takes place in mitochondrial matrix of liver, muscles, heart, renal cortex and brown adipose tissue.
Electron Transport	Electrons transport from NADH-Q-reductase (Complex I) to Coenzyme Q then to cytochrome reductase (Complex III) then to Cytochrome a-a3 complex called cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV) and finally to O2.	transfer reducing equivalents to O2 which in turn results in proton pump to produce ATP.	Aerobic.and catabolic	inner mitochondial membrane
Oxidative Phosphorylation	ATP is formed by the transfer of e- from different substrates (NADH, FADH2, NADPH) through Complex I, Complex III and Complex IV.	Provide energy for cellular activities by forming ATP	aerobic and catabolic	mitochondrial inner membrane of all cells containing mitochondria.