Question

Make a chart with answers as indicated:

List B: will be all other terms/diseases/functional issues, please provide information (describe the function, or meaning, and what the association is with nutrition) on each topic.

List B

• Apoenzyme
• Ariboflavinosis
• Ataxia
• Avidin
• Coenzyme
• Cofactor
• Congestive heart failure
• Cretinism
• Decarboxylation
• Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
• Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
• Goitrogens
• Holoenzyme
• Intrinsic factor
• Macrocyte
• Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia
• Metalloenzymes
• Methylcobalamin
• Microcytic hypochromic anemia
• N-carboxylbiotinyl lysine Neural tube defects
• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ or NADH₂)
• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP or NADPH)
• Paresthesia
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Pernicious anemia
• Purines
• Pyrimidines
• Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
• R-protein
• Taurine
• Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA)
• Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
• Thyroid gland
• Thyroid hormones
• Thyroxine
• Triiodothyronine
• Transketolase
• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 1

Terms/Diseases/Functional Issues	Function / Meaning	Association with nutrition
Apoenzyme	Inactive enzyme, proteinaceous part	Active after with association with organic or inorganic cofactor
Ariboflavinosis	inadequate intake of riboflavin	sores on the mouth
Ataxia	A neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements	occur abnormalities like speech changes, and abnormalities in eye movements
Avidin	Tetrameric biotin-binding protein	Produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and deposited in the whites of their eggs
Coenzyme	organic nonprotein molecules	Bind with enzyme for activation
Cofactor	Non-protein components bind with the enzyme	Cofactors are two type of organic and inorganic/metals
Congestive heart failure	pump inefficiently by heart	fluid builds up around the heart and causes for heart attack
Cretinism	Underactivity of the thyroid gland at birth time	Deficiency of iodine in the mother's diet during pregnancy
Decarboxylation	removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2)	A chemical reaction in which CO2 removed
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)	a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins	cofactor for cytochrome-b5 reductase, required to form flavoprotein, FMN etc
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)	The prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, NADH dehydrogenase, as well as a cofactor in biological blue-light photoreceptors	FMN/riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Goitrogens	triggers the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone	promotes the growth of thyroid tissue, leading to goiter disease
Holoenzyme	cofactor and apoenzymes collectively called holoenzyme	All process depend on enzymes for example Digestive enzymes can be used to help the body process fibre (cellulase), protein (protease), carbohydrates (amalase), and fats (lipase)
Intrinsic factor	glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach	required for the absorption of vitamin B₁₂
Macrocyte	Abnormal red blood cell	Constant haemoglobin
Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia	Anemia because of large size of RBC	Inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production at G1 phase of cell cycle
Metalloenzymes	protein that contains a metal ion cofactor like Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Co	Many functions carried out by these enzymes like Cytochrome P450 enzymes perform the function of inserting an oxygen
Methylcobalamin	Methylcobalamin is a form of vitamin B₁₂	treat vitamin B12 deficiency, anemia, diabetes etc
Microcytic hypochromic anemia	Small size RBC with low red colour	iron-deficiency anemia
N-carboxylbiotinyl lysine Neural tube defects	birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord	occur when the neural tube does not close properly
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ or NADH2)	cofactor that is central to metabolism	Usable in cellular respiration processes in which accepting and donating electrons
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP or NADPH)	Cofactor for the enzyme also called a reducing agent	Usable in the anabolic process such as Calvin cycle, lipid and nucleic acid syntheses etc
Paresthesia	Burning of sensation in the hands, arms, legs, feet and other parts of the body.	Restricting blood flow because wearing tight shoes or clothes or long sitting on a toilet.
Peripheral neuropathy	The nerves that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord from and to the rest of the body are damaged or diseased.	Make a network that connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, skin, and internal organs
Pernicious anemia	inability to absorb the vitamin B-12	vitamin B-12 deficiency
Purines	heterocycle composed of carbon and nitrogen like adenine and guanine	Required for making DNA/RNA
Pyrimidines	heterocycle composed of carbon and nitrogen like cytosine, thymine, uracil	Required for making DNA/RNA
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)	the active form of vitamin B₆	maintain the health of nerves, skin, and red blood cells
R-protein	glycoprotein produced by the salivary glands of the mouth	protect Vitamin B12 from acid degradation in the stomach by producing vitamin B12 complex
Taurine	Amino sulfonic acid is an organic compound that occurs naturally in body parts like brain, eyes, heart and muscles	Useful in the treatment of heart failure, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, cystic fibrosis etc.
Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA)	It is a folic acid derivative	used to treat megaloblastic and macrocytic anaemias, hematologic complications etc.
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)	It is a vitamin B1 work as a cofactor for enzymes	metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and branched-chain amino acids and decarboxylation of α-keto acids during ATP synthesis
Thyroid gland	endocrine gland present in the neck	This gland controls the metabolism, growth and development of the human body
Thyroid hormones	Secrete two hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)	This gland control the metabolism, growth and development of the human body
Thyroxine	primarily responsible for the regulation of metabolism	Controlled development of body by iodine absorption
Triiodothyronine	Responsible for metabolic rate, heart, digestive system functions, muscle control etc	Controlled development of body by iodine absorption
Transketolase	Pentose phosphate pathway and Calvin cycle	Reversible transfer of carbons 1 and 2 of xylulose-5-phosphate to the acceptor aldopentose, ribose-5-phosphate
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome	Neurological disease or brain disorder	Caused by Vitamin B-1