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Briefly discuss: (i) The operational principals and the main characteristics of photomultiplier tubes (PM). Why does...

Briefly discuss: (i) The operational principals and the main characteristics of photomultiplier tubes (PM). Why does a PM tube still have an output signal even in absolutely dark conditions? What is affecting timing of the signal in a PM tube? (ii) The response functions of 'small', 'middle' and 'large' gamma-ray spectrometers. (iii)The nature of escape peaks in gamma spectroscopy and how its efficiency depends on detector material and energy of gamma photons and size of the detector. (iv) Spectroscopy setup and output signals from each part of setup.

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