Question

1. A physician taps the patellar tendon of a 22-year-old woman and notes that the resulting reflex (knee jerk) is less active than normal. Which of the following most accurately describes this reflex?

a.	Areflexia
b.	Hyporeflexia
c.	Hyperreflexia
d.	Crossed deficit
e.	Localizing sign

        2.   A 71-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a severe headache, nausea, and a decreased level of consciousness. The emergency department physician suspects an acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Which of the following provides the best diagnostic evidence in this case?

a.	X-ray
b.	CT
c.	MRI, T1-weighted image
d.	MRI, T2-weighted image
e.	PET scan

        3.   A 31-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after an automobile collision. Following his examination the emergency department physician writes “crossed deficits” on the patient’s chart. This indicates a lesion in, or to, which of the following?

a.	Spinal cord
b.	Cerebral cortex
c.	Brainstem
d.	Peripheral nerves
e.	Roots of cranial nerves

        4.   A 39-year-old man presents to the neurosurgeon’s office with a variety of ill-defined signs and symptoms that have progressed slowly over several months. Suspecting a brain tumor, which of the following would the physician most likely order?

a.	CT
b.	MRI, T2-weighted image
c.	X-ray
d.	MRI enhanced with a gadolinium
e.	MRI, T1-weighted image

       5.     A 21-year-old woman presents with neurologic deficits that wax and wane over time. After a series of tests, her physician concludes that she has a breakdown/degeneration of myelin sheaths in the CNS resulting in an interruption of the propagation of action potentials on the axon and a likely invasion of the site by the processes of reactive astrocytes. This patient is most likely suffering from which of the following?

a.	Wallerian degeneration
b.	Myasthenia gravis
c.	Oligodendroglioma
d.	Muscular dystrophy
e.	Multiple sclerosis

        6.   A 27-year-old woman presents with a disease that compromises the most common type of synapse found within the mammalian CNS. Which of the following represents this type of synapse?

a.	Chemical
b.	Electrical
c.	Electrotonic
d.	Dopaminergic
e.	Cholinergic

        7.   Which of the following ion(s) is in highest concentration outside the neuron cell membrane in a resting state?

a.	Chloride (Cl) and potassium (K)
b.	Potassium (K) only
c.	Magnesium (Mg2)
d.	Chloride (Cl) and sodium (Na)
e.	Nitric oxide (NO)

Answer 1

A physician taps the patellar tendon of a 22-year-old woman and notes that the resulting reflex (knee jerk) is less active than normal. Which of the following most accurately describes this reflex?

Hyporeflexia

Explanation:

-Inside the center of every single skeletal muscle are little tactile receptors called muscle axles, which are touchy to the muscles. This is imperative data for the mind so it can monitor development and furthermore stay away from muscle damage.

-The cerebrum's activity in keeping away from muscle damage is nearly connected with your stretch reflexes. These reflexes happen automatically when certain nerves 'fire' and evade the cognizant parts of your cerebrum. Your stretch reflexes additionally help keep you standing upright, which you'll rapidly see in the event that you begin tipping as these reflexes consequently amend your position.

A 71-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a severe headache, nausea, and a decreased level of consciousness. The emergency department physician suspects an acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Which of the following provides the best diagnostic evidence in this case?

CT

Explanation:

-The finding of subarachnoid drain for the most part relies upon a high list of clinical doubt joined with radiologic affirmation by means of pressing processed tomography check without differentiate.

-Traditionally, a negative CT examine is taken after with lumbar cut.

A 31-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after an automobile collision. Following his examination the emergency department physician writes “crossed deficits” on the patient’s chart. This indicates a lesion in, or to, which of the following?

Brainstem

Explanation:

-Patients frequently experience issues strolling or looking after adjust, or distinction in temperature of a protest in light of which side of the body the question of shifting temperature is contacting.

-Some patients may stroll with an inclination or experience the ill effects of skew deviation and deceptions of room tilt.

A 39-year-old man presents to the neurosurgeon’s office with a variety of ill-defined signs and symptoms that have progressed slowly over several months. Suspecting a brain tumor, which of the following would the physician most likely order?

MRI enhanced with a gadolinium

Explanation:

-Magnetic reverberation imaging is regularly finds tumors.

-Sometimes a dye is infused by vein during MRI to be viewed.

A 21-year-old woman presents with neurologic deficits that wax and wane over time. After a series of tests, her physician concludes that she has a breakdown/degeneration of myelin sheaths in the CNS resulting in an interruption of the propagation of action potentials on the axon and a likely invasion of the site by the processes of reactive astrocytes. This patient is most likely suffering from which of the following?

Multiple sclerosis

Explanation:

-MS is described by irregular harm to myelin, called demyelination. This results in scarring besides solidifying string and optic nerves.

- Demyelination moderates conduction of nerve driving forces, which brings about shortcoming, deadness, torment and vision misfortune.

A 27-year-old woman presents with a disease that compromises the most common type of synapse found within the mammalian CNS. Which of the following represents this type of synapse?

Electrical

Explanation:

-In the sensory system, a neurotransmitter is a structure that allows a neuron to permit an electrical or substance to alternative neuron or to the objective efferent cell.

Which of the following ion(s) is in highest concentration outside the neuron cell membrane in a resting state?

Chloride (Cl) and sodium (Na)

Explanation:

-Na+ (sodium particles) and K+ (potassium ions)are inversily dispersed over the mebrane. K+ focus is higher within is higher outside the cell.

-These ionic fixation are fundamental for the elements of the neurons.