Question

How do you load a simple data series onto R? For instance, data values that are down below:

Below are the batting averages of 20 batting champions of the National League:

0.403 0.378 0.320 0.341 0.362 0.334 0.379 0.424 0.326 0.330 0.345 0.354 0.350 0.330 0.376 0.363 0.353 0.351 0.335 0.371

1. Construct a relative frequency histogram for the data.

2. What can you say about the shape of the histogram (modes, symmetry, outliers)?

Answer 1

How to load the series data in R?

Before we start, we first need to have data. The data can be saved in excel,SPSS or some other file type. When you svaed your data in a file you can add,change or edit the data whenever you want.

Before you load the data , we can check all constraints that satisfy. They are

1. If you work with spreadsheets, the first row is usually reserved for the header, while the first column is used to identify the sampling unit;
2. Avoid names, values or fields with blank spaces, otherwise each word will be interpreted as a separate variable, resulting in errors that are related to the number of elements per line in your data set;
3. If you want to concatenate words, inserting a . in between to words instead of a space;
4. Short names are prefered over longer names;
5. Try to avoid using names that contain symbols such as ?, $,%, ^, &, *, (, ),-,#, ?,,,<,>, /, |, \, [ ,] ,{, and };
6. Delete any comments that you have made in your Excel file to avoid extra columns or NA’s to be added to your file; and
7. Make sure that any missing values in your data set are indicated with NA.

1.  Construct a relative frequency histogram for the data.

Given the series is 0.403 0.378 0.320 0.341 0.362 0.334 0.379 0.424 0.326 0.330 0.345 0.354 0.350 0.330 0.376 0.363 0.353 0.351 0.335 0.371

The sorted data is:0.320 0.326 0.330 0.330 0.334 0.335 0.341 0.345 0.350 0.351 0.353 0.354 0.362 0.363 0.371 0.376 0.378 0.379 0.403 0.424

If we start at0.3, and end at4.25, we can construct 5 classes of width0.25.

Theseclasses will include all the observations, and the first and last classes won’t be empty.

Class Frequency Relative frequency 0.3<=x<0.325 1 0.25

0.325<=x<0.350 7 0.35

0.350<=x<0.375 7 0.35

0.375<=x<4.00 3 0.15

4.00<=x<4.25 2 0.10

The below diagram is the relative frequency histogram

X-axis the relative frequency and y-axis is the frequency.

2.  What can you say about the shape of the histogram (modes, symmetry, outliers)?

A. The histogram is unimodal and roughly symmetric around 0.35. There do not appear to be any outliers.