Question

What are the etiology, incidence, and prevalence of Pediatric ADHD?

Discuss the management guidelines for ADHD management.

Review 2 different medication treatments including side effects, risks, and benefits of each treatment.

Develop 3 nursing diagnoses with interventions for a child with ADHD.

Answer 1

ADHD ( Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ) is common neurodevelopmental disorder

1. Etiology :-

Heredity -from parents or siblings with ADHD.

Exposure to the toxins such as lead.

Alcoholism , smoking and drug use during pregnancy .

Premature birth.

Prevalence:-

5.9 to 7.1 % in children and the prevalence rate may vary with age , gender , race , ethnicity

Incidence :-

Children aged 2 - 17 years ( 9.4 % ) were diagnosed with adhd

2. Management :-

Avoid foods which cause ADHD reactions such as milk , chocolate ,soy , wheat ,eggs tomatoes ,grapes and oranges.

Limit distractions .

Encourage exercise.

Maintain good sleep pattern.

Medications such as psychostimulants .

Make a routine and stick to it.

3. a. Adderall XR.

Side effects : bladder pain , cloudy urine , painful urination , irregular heartbeat , diarrhea , fever , loss of appetite .

Risks : decreased appetite, delayed growth tics ,headaches ,sleeping problems.

Benefits : It improves attention and focus , reduce impulsive behavior.

b. Concerta

Side effects : nervousness , sleeping problems , loss of weight , nausea , vomiting.

Risks : anxiety , irritability, dry mouth , dizziness , blurred vision.

Benefits : manage the symptoms of inattention , hyperactivity and impulsivity.

4. Nursing diagnosis  

a . Anxiety  

Maintain trusting relationship.

Help to escalate anxiety.

Provide calm and quiet environment.

b. Risk for violence

Observe behavior of the child .

Provide positive reinforcement.

Provide divertional activities.

c. In effective coping

Provide safe environment.

Do not argue.

Discuss the alternatives for handling frustration .

Encourage to verbalize feelings of inadequacy.