Question

1) A desert rat is born with a genetic abnormality that has resulted in no aquaporins present in the descending limb of the loop of Henle. What would the osmolarity of the fluid at the bottom of the loop of Henle likely be in this animal?

a) 100 moxm

b) 300 mosm

c) 600 mosm

d) 900 mosm

e) 1200 mosm

4) Imagine a shark with a genetic abnormality in the epithelial cells of the rectal gland that results in all the proteins normally present in the basolateral membranes, now in the apical membrane, and all those normally present in the apical membrane, now expressed in the basolateral membrane. What would happen?

a) the shark rectal gland would operate pretty much normally

b) about 10 X as much sodium and chloride would be put in the luminal fluid

c) chloride would flow into the extracellular fluids

d) the Na/K ATP ase would no longer function

e) potassium would now be extruded into the luminal fluid

6) If the distance a substance had to diffuse across increased from 1 to 10 microns,

a) The overall time for diffusion would increase 10X

b) The overall time for diffusion would increase 100X

c) The overall time for diffusion would increase by 1000X

d) The overall time for diffusion would increase by 1002

e) The overall time for diffusion would not change

22) Which orgaism would have the SMALLEST surface area to volume ratio? (these animals have essentially the same shape)

a) A pygmy eleplant, shoulter height 2.4 meters

b) The extinct Mediterranean dwarf elephant, shoulder height 1.5 meters

c) The African elephant, shoulder height 4m.

d) The imperial mammoth, shoulder height 4m.

e) The Indian elephant, shoulder height 3m.

Answer 1

1. Answer: e) 1200 mosm.

Due to abnormality in descending limb of loop of henle and absence of aquaporins results in no water reabsorption. This leads to urine formation in the glomerula is not occured and increases in osmolarity of the extracellular fluids in the body tissues which causes odema to the body

4. Answer: The Na/K ATP ase would have no longer function (D)

Due to genetic abnormality in the epithelial cells of the rectal gland result in the Na/K ATP ase would have no longer function due to epithelial organ is composed of tubules and secrete hypertonic NaCl. so many G-protein receptors are present on the basolateral surface of these tubules which helps in releasing of hormones and enzymes. Due to abnormality the function of Na/K ATP ase would be affected because It is responsible for Na, K, Cl functions in the presence of this enzyme. Therefore Na, K, and Cl entre the cell, Na exits both cells through Na/K ATP ase and K exits the cell through the dominant K exit channel.

6. Answer:

a) The overall time for diffusion would increase 100X. (B). the amount of the soutes gets hydrated would diffuses and inversely proportional to the diffusion coefficient.

Diffusion time increases with square of diffusion distance.

t = x2/2D

t = 12/2*10

t = 0.0500.

D is the diffusion coefficient

X is the diffusion distance

t is time for the diffusion coefficient.

22. Answer: A

The pygmy elephants of Borneo these have same volume ratio with same shape. These are baby faced with oversized ears, plump bellies, longer tails. They became smaller with larger ears, longer tails, straighter tusks etc.

Note: The provided answer is as per my knowledge may be or may not be 100% correct, but definitely relevant to your question thank you so much.