Question

What is similar about the reactions of the salivary and lacrimal glands, kidney, bladder and digestive organs?

How do these organs react to Parasympathetic Nervous System Output?(remember the SLUDD reactions)

2) what is an adrenergic receptor? Distinguish between alpha and beta adrenergic receptor and their actions?

Answer 1

1)SLUDD: SLUDD is an acronym used to describe the responses of the Parasympathetic Nervous System. SLUDD means Salivation,Lacrimation,urination,Digestion,Defecation.

ACTION	EFFECTS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SALIVATION	The saliavary gland is innervated by both sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System.The Parasympathetic Stimulation evokes copious flow of saliva i.e., increases salivation.The Sympathetic stimulation causes small flow with rich protein or no flow of saliva.
LACRIMATION	The Lacrimal Gland is Innervated by both Sympathetic and ParaSympathetic Nervous System but the Parasympathetic division is dominant functionally and physiologically.It increases the production of tears from Lacrimal glands.
URINATION	The parasympathetic Innervation to kidney increases the renal blood flow,decreased renin secretion and decreases fluid retention.The Sympathetic Innervation to kidney decreases renal blood flow,increases renin secretion and increases fluid retention.The Parasympathetic innervation of urinary bladder causes contraction of detrusor Muscle and relaxation of Internal urethral sphincter which helps in voiding of urine.The Sympathetic innervation causes relaxation of detruso muscle and tension in Internal Urethral Sphincter which helps in storage of urine in bladder.
DEFECATION	The Parasympathetic Innervation to rectum causes rectal distension which is responsible for Defecation.The Sympathetic innervation to rectum causes rectal contraction which do not allow the rectum for defecation
DIGESTION	The Parasympathetic Innervation increases blood flow and increases the peristalsis which increases the digestion.The sympathetic innervation decreases the peristaltic movements and decreases the digestion

The similar about the reactions of saliavary Glands,Lacrimal Glands,kidney,Bladder and Digestive Organs are they are controlled dominantly by the Parasympathetic Nervous system and their actions are increased when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated.They all are helpful in removal of toxins and waste materials from the body directly or indirectly.

2)ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS/ADRENOCEPTORS: They are protein receptors that are targets of adrenaline and noradrenaline which help in stimulating sympathetic nervous system when they bind to adrenaline or nonadrenaline.

• Adrenergic Receptors are of 2 types based on their coupling with protein receptors: Alpha receptors and Beta receptors

ALPHA RECEPTORS	BETA RECEPTORS
Alpha Receptors are paried with Gq and Gi coupled receptors	Beta Receptors are paired with Gs mainly and some with Gi receptors
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels	Vasodilation of Blood vessels
Smooth Muscle Contraction in areas like ureter,bronchioles,urethral sphincter	Smooth Muscle Relaxation in bronchioles,detrusor muscle in ureter
Decreased Motility of Smooth Muscle in Gastrointestinal Tract	Contracts Sphincters of Gastrointerstinal Tract
Decrease Insulin production and Increase Glucagon production in Pancreas	Stimulates Insulin secretion and promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Increase Platelet aggregation i.e, increases blood clotting tendency	Thickens the Secretions from Salivary Glands and Increase renin production from kidney
Decreases Blood Pressure	promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue and anabolism in skeletal muscle