Question

The diabetic patient needs a complex carbohydrate diet. Know what foods are included in a complex carbohydrate diet.

Are patient with type 1 diabetes insulin dependent for the duration of their lives.

Know that tests used for blood sugar levels

What is the most common form of diabetes

Know the normal limits for glucose.

Understand the treatment for type 2 diabetes

Know the signs of hypoglycemia

Understand the food exchange system

Know what actions to take when using multi-dose vials.

Know the puncture sites for checking blood glucose

Know the symptoms of diabetes.

What is the most common endocrine disorder in the U.S?

Know what to teach the patients about foot care related to diabetes

Understand hyperglycemia

Understand that wiping the first drop of blood away during a capillary stick is important because the first drop usually contain additional fluid with some blood.

What is the best angle or inserting a needle for a subcutaneous injection

Hypoparathyroidism does not cause Diabetes mellitus

What is Insulin?

Know what instructions to give patients self-injecting insulin

Understand the symptoms of diabetes

Know what it means to count carbs.

Answer 1

1. Complex carbohydrates are different from simple carbohydrates as simple carbohydrates are sugary foods which increases blood glucose fastly than the complex ones . Complex carbohydrates maintain sugar levels better.

The foods included in complex carbohydrates for diabetic patients are :-

- starchy vegetables like potatoes ,beans,yams, dried peas legumes and lentils

- beans include kidney beans, black beans etc .

- whole grains including oats, millets,brown rice ,wheat

2. Patients with type 1diabetes are dependent on insulin for Life time because in type 1daibetes mellitus there is deficency of insulin or the body can't make insulin anymore because of the destruction of the islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas .

3. Blood sugar test are :-

- fasting glucose test - in this the patient is kept bill from mouth for 6hr before the blood test . Normal range is 60 - 110 mg/DL.

- post prandial test - in which blood test is done after having food .

Normal range is 110-140mg/ dl

- random blood test - in which randomly any time blood is taken for test to assess sugar levels. Normal range is 60 to 140 mg/ dl.

- HBA1C - it is done to find out the blood sugar levels of previous 4-6months . Normal range is <7% or equal to 7% .

4. Common type of diabetes is type 2 diabetes mellitus . In this type of diabetes mellitus your body don't use the insulin properly it is known as insulin resistance and leads to hyperglycemia.

5. Normal fasting glucose levels -60 to 110 mg/ dl

Normal post prandial glucose levels - 110-140 mg/dl

Normal random glucose levels - 60- 140 mg/dl

Normal HBA1C level- below and equal to 7%

6. Treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus are :-

- oral hypoglycemic agents

- life style modification like eating habits , exercise regimen ,weight reduction avoidance of sedantary life style , quit smoking and drinking.

- maintain of glucose levels.

- insulin therapy

7. Signs of hypoglycemia are :-

- dizziness

- palpitations

- tremors

-anxiety

- confusion

- lightheadedness

- diaphoresis

- loss of consciousness

- sleepiness

- slurred speech

- blurred vision

- nausea and vomiting

- dry mouth

8. Food exchange system is the exchange of food from the diet list with another food in the same list which has same amount of carbohydrates, protein ,fat and calories. Diabetic food exchange is a diet plan which has variety of choices and ensuring the amount of carbohydrates are controlled. Similar foods are grouped into categories.

9. Action to be taken while using multi dose vial :-

- multi dose vials must used for a single patient when ever possible and should be labelled properly ,if it's used for more than one patient then it must be kept away from immediate patient treatment area to avoid contamination.

- it should kept at proper temperature according to manufacturer's instructions.

- after opening the vial ,it should be used with in 28days or according to manufacturer's instructions.

- before opening the vial see the expiry date .

10. The puncture sites for glucose test are :-

- In adults side of the middle and ring fingers are used . In infants heel of the foot is used . Of a patient is having a CVP or femoral line ,we can take the blood sample from that also .

11. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus are :-

- polyphagia

- polidipsia

- polyurea

- delayed healing of wound

- blurred vision

- fatigue

- weight loss

- nausea and vomiting

- tachycardia