Question

1. Read about the Epidemiology of Cancer in the Philippines. Submit a 200-300-word essay

reflection.

2. Illustrate your own Pathophysiology of Cancer depending on a case you have selected.

3. Create an original poster, infographic or one-page guide on ‘Recommendations for the Early

Detection of Cancer In Average-Risk Asymptomatic People.’

Answer 1

1. Epidemiology of cancer in Philippines:

An epidemiology for detecting cancer was conducted by Globocan 2018 in Philippines. An inference of the study is discussed below. The total population in Philippimes was 106512067. In 2018, number of new cases in both sexes of all ages was 141021. Out of this, 17.6% had breast cancer, 12.2% had lung cancer, 11.1% had colorectal cancer, 6.8% had carcinoma of liver , 5.2% had prostate cancer and 47.1% had other type of cancer. While looking to gender wise distribution, total number of cases in males was 62002 and those of females was 79019. Comparing males and females, 19.5% of males had lung cancer whereas 6.5% of females had lung cancer. 11.8% had prostate cancer whereas 6.4% had ovarian cancer. Leukaemia was more prevalent in males than females. For males the most prevalent type of cancer was lung cancer whereas in females it was breast cancer. Percentages of other cancers are around 38% in both sexes. Number of new cases of cancer obtained in 2018 was 141021 and number of deaths associated to cancer in the same year was 86337 and number of prevalent cancer cases was 291781. The data source was Cebu Cancer Registry, Manilla Cancer Registry and Tidal Cancer Registry. Prevalence rate was computed using sex; site and age. It was scaled using Human Development index ratios.

2. Pathophysiology of oral cancer:

Unhealthy practises like chewing or sniffing carcinogens like tobacco or smoke. This will lead to chemical changes in the body especially skin and oral mucosa. Mutation occur in mouth site to repeated smoking and chewing tobacco. Finally causes oral cancer.

3. Recommendations for the early detection of cancer in average risk asymptomatic people:

Breast cancer : all women have to undergo regular screening mammography for the early detection of great cancer.

Cervical cancer: Testing is done based on severity of risk.

Colorectal cancer: Recommends that adults having average risk should do regular screening starting at the age of 45 with either high sensitivity stool based.  

Endometrial cancer:

On reaching menopause, all women should be informed about the risks and symptoms of endometrial cancer and strongly encouraged to report any unexpected bleeding or