Question

1. of the six categories of pathogens, give an example of one that is considered to be an exclusively extracellular pathogen?

2.. what is a macrophage called before it becomes a macrophage?

3. why is urination considered a type of defense against infection?

4. why is it important for your immune system to not attack all molecular patterns that is can recognize?

5. What must be done to instruments prior to use to prevent contamination. And what is a method that may be used to accomplish this ?

6. What is more likely to have a higher microbial load on this campus, the seat of toilet or the handles of a sink faucet? Why?

Answer 1

Question: 1. Of the six categories of pathogens, give an example of one that is considered to be an exclusively extracellular pathogen?

Answer:   Streptococcus pyogenes

Of the six categories of pathogens, based on their invasive properties pathogenic bacteria are classified in to extracellular pathogens. Bacterial pathogens be labeled exclusively extracellular. A typical example of extracellular bacterial pathogen is Streptococcus pyogene. Diseases, such as scarlet fever, pharyngitis, impetigo, cellulitis are caused by these pathogen. Extracellular pathogens do not invade cells and proliferate instead in an extracellular environment. Other examples of the extracellular bacterial pathogens are Bacillus anthracis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Question: 2. what is a macrophage called before it becomes a macrophage?

Answer:   Monocyte

Stem cells in the bone marrow produce monocytes. Monocytes undergo differentiation and monocytes that become phagocytic are referred to as macrophages.