Discuss the relationship between the location of an atom in the periodic table and its electron...

Discuss the relationship between the location of an atom in the periodic table and its electron configuration.

Expert Solution

Ans- Electron configuration can be described as how electrons are assembled within the orbitals shells and subshells of an atom. It is important to understand what an electron is in order to fully understand the electron configuration. An electron is a sub atomic particle that is associated with a negative charge. Electrons are found outside of the nucleus, as opposed to neutrons (particles with neutral charge,) and protons (particles with positive charge.) Furthermore, electrons are associated with energy, more specifically quantum energy, and exemplify wave-like and particle-like characteristics. The word configuration simply means the arrangement of something. Therefore electron configuration in straightforward language means the arrangement of electrons.

Introduction

In general when filling up the electron diagram, it is customary to fill the lowest energies first and work your way up to the higher energies. Principles and rules such as the Pauli exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, and the Aufbau process are used to determine how to properly configure electrons. The Pauli exclusion rule basically says that at most, 2 electrons are allowed to be in the same orbital. Hund’s rule explains that each orbital in the subshell must be occupied with one single electron first before two electrons can be in the same orbital. Lastly, the Aufbau process describes the process of adding electron configuration to each individualized element in the periodic table. Fully understanding the principles relating to electron configuration will promote a better understanding of how to design them and give us a better understanding of each element in the periodic table. How the periodic table was formed has an intimate correlation with electron configuration. After studying the relationship between electron configuration and the period table, it was pointed out by Niels Bohr that electron configurations are similar for elements within the same group in the periodic table. Groups occupy the vertical rows as opposed to a period which is the horizontal rows in the table of elements.

S, P, D, and F Blocks

S block: The S block in the periodic table of elements occupies the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, also known as groups 1 and 2. Helium is also part of the S block. The principal quantum number “n” fills the s orbital. There is a maximum of two electrons that can occupy the s orbital.
P Block: The P block contains groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, with the exception of Helium. (Helium is part of the S block.) The principal quantum number “n” fills the p orbital. There is a maximum of six electrons that can occupy the p orbital.
D Block: The D block elements are found in groups 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 of the periodic table. The D block elements are also known as the transition metals. The d orbital is filled with the electronic shell “n-1.” There is a maximum of ten electrons that can occupy the d orbital.
F Block: The F block elements are the lanthanides and actinides. The F orbitals of the electron shell are filled with “n-2.” There is a maximum of fourteen electrons that can occupy the f orbital.
electronic configuration and elements-

NUMBER	ELEMENT	ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
1	Hydrogen	1s1
2	Helium	1s2
3	Lithium	[He]2s1
4	Beryllium	[He]2s2
5	Boron	[He]2s22p1
6	Carbon	[He]2s22p2
7	Nitrogen	[He]2s22p3
8	Oxygen	[He]2s22p4
9	Fluorine	[He]2s22p5
10	Neon	[He]2s22p6
11	Sodium	[Ne]3s1
12	Magnesium	[Ne]3s2
13	Aluminum	[Ne]3s23p1
14	Silicon	[Ne]3s23p2
15	Phosphorus	[Ne]3s23p3
16	Sulfur	[Ne]3s23p4
17	Chlorine	[Ne]3s23p5
18	Argon	[Ne]3s23p6
19	Potassium	[Ar]4s1
20	Calcium	[Ar]4s2
21	Scandium	[Ar]3d14s2
22	Titanium	[Ar]3d24s2
23	Vanadium	[Ar]3d34s2
24	Chromium	[Ar]3d54s1
25	Manganese	[Ar]3d54s2
26	Iron	[Ar]3d64s2
27	Cobalt	[Ar]3d74s2
28	Nickel	[Ar]3d84s2
29	Copper	[Ar]3d104s1
30	Zinc	[Ar]3d104s2
31	Gallium	[Ar]3d104s24p1
32	Germanium	[Ar]3d104s24p2
33	Arsenic	[Ar]3d104s24p3
34	Selenium	[Ar]3d104s24p4
35	Bromine	[Ar]3d104s24p5
36	Krypton	[Ar]3d104s24p6
37	Rubidium	[Kr]5s1
38	Strontium	[Kr]5s2
39	Yttrium	[Kr]4d15s2
40	Zirconium	[Kr]4d25s2
41	Niobium	[Kr]4d45s1
42	Molybdenum	[Kr]4d55s1
43	Technetium	[Kr]4d55s2
44	Ruthenium	[Kr]4d75s1
45	Rhodium	[Kr]4d85s1
46	Palladium	[Kr]4d10
47	Silver	[Kr]4d105s1
48	Cadmium	[Kr]4d105s2
49	Indium	[Kr]4d105s25p1
50	Tin	[Kr]4d105s25p2
51	Antimony	[Kr]4d105s25p3
52	Tellurium	[Kr]4d105s25p4
53	Iodine	[Kr]4d105s25p5
54	Xenon	[Kr]4d105s25p6
55	Cesium	[Xe]6s1
56	Barium	[Xe]6s2
57	Lanthanum	[Xe]5d16s2
58	Cerium	[Xe]4f15d16s2
59	Praseodymium	[Xe]4f36s2
60	Neodymium	[Xe]4f46s2
61	Promethium	[Xe]4f56s2
62	Samarium	[Xe]4f66s2
63	Europium	[Xe]4f76s2
64	Gadolinium	[Xe]4f75d16s2
65	Terbium	[Xe]4f96s2
66	Dysprosium	[Xe]4f106s2
67	Holmium	[Xe]4f116s2
68	Erbium	[Xe]4f126s2
69	Thulium	[Xe]4f136s2
70	Ytterbium	[Xe]4f146s2
71	Lutetium	[Xe]4f145d16s2
72	Hafnium	[Xe]4f145d26s2
73	Tantalum	[Xe]4f145d36s2
74	Tungsten	[Xe]4f145d46s2
75	Rhenium	[Xe]4f145d56s2
76	Osmium	[Xe]4f145d66s2
77	Iridium	[Xe]4f145d76s2
78	Platinum	[Xe]4f145d96s1
79	Gold	[Xe]4f145d106s1
80	Mercury	[Xe]4f145d106s2
81	Thallium	[Xe]4f145d106s26p1
82	Lead	[Xe]4f145d106s26p2
84	Polonium	[Xe]4f145d106s26p4
85	Astatine	[Xe]4f145d106s26p5
86	Radon	[Xe]4f145d106s26p6
87	Francium	[Rn]7s1
88	Radium	[Rn]7s2
89	Actinium	[Rn]6d17s2
90	Thorium	[Rn]6d27s2
91	Protactinium	[Rn]5f26d17s2
92	Uranium	[Rn]5f36d17s2
93	Bismuth	[Xe]4f145d106s26p3
93	Neptunium	[Rn]5f46d17s2
94	Plutonium	[Rn]5f67s2
95	Americium	[Rn]5f77s2
96	Curium	[Rn]5f76d17s2
97	Berkelium	[Rn]5f97s2
98	Californium	[Rn]5f107s2
99	Einsteinium	[Rn]5f117s2
100	Fermium	[Rn]5f127s2
101	Mendelevium	[Rn]5f137s2
102	Nobelium	[Rn]5f147s2
103	Lawrencium	[Rn]5f147s27p1
104	Rutherfordium	[Rn]5f146d27s2
105	Dubnium	*[Rn]5f146d37s2
106	Seaborgium	*[Rn]5f146d47s2
107	Bohrium	*[Rn]5f146d57s2
108	Hassium	*[Rn]5f146d67s2
109	Meitnerium	*[Rn]5f146d77s2
110	Darmstadtium	*[Rn]5f146d97s1
111	Roentgenium	*[Rn]5f146d107s1
112	Copernium	*[Rn]5f146d107s2
113	Ununtrium	*[Rn]5f146d107s27p1
114	Flerovium	*[Rn]5f146d107s27p2
115	Ununpentium	*[Rn]5f146d107s27p3
116	Livermorium	*[Rn]5f146d107s27p4
117	Ununseptium	*[Rn]5f146d107s27p5
118	Ununoctium	*[Rn]5f146d107s27p6

queen_honey_blossom answered 1 year ago

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