Question

In: Statistics and Probability

Carboxyhemoglobin is formed when hemoglobin is exposed to carbon monoxide. Heavy smokers tend to have a...

Carboxyhemoglobin is formed when hemoglobin is exposed to carbon monoxide. Heavy smokers tend to have a high percentage of carboxyhemoglobin in their blood.† Let x be a random variable representing percentage of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood. For a person who is a regular heavy smoker, x has a distribution that is approximately normal. A random sample of

n = 12 blood

tests given to a heavy smoker gave the following results (percent carboxyhemoglobin in the blood). Note: For degrees of freedom d.f. not in the Student's t table, use the closest d.f. that is smaller. In some situations, this choice of d.f. may increase the P-value a small amount and thereby produce a slightly more "conservative" answer.

9.39.510.29.811.312.211.610.38.99.713.49.9


(a) Use your calculator to calculate

x


and s. (Round your answers to two decimal places.)

x = s =

(b) A long-term population mean

μ = 10%

is considered a health risk. However, a long-term population mean above 10% is considered a clinical alert that the person may be asymptomatic. Do the data indicate that the population mean percentage is higher than 10% for this patient? Use

α = 0.05.

(i) What is the level of significance?

State the null and alternate hypotheses.

H0: μ = 10%; H1: μ ≠ 10%H0: μ = 10%; H1: μ < 10%    H0: μ = 10%; H1: μ > 10%H0: μ > 10%; H1: μ = 10%

(ii) What sampling distribution will you use? What assumptions are you making?

The Student's t, since we assume that x has a normal distribution with known σ.The standard normal, since we assume that x has a normal distribution with unknown σ.    The standard normal, since we assume that x has a normal distribution with known σ.The Student's t, since we assume that x has a normal distribution with unknown σ.

What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answer to three decimal places.)

(iii) Find (or estimate) the P-value.

P-value > 0.2500.125 < P-value < 0.250    0.050 < P-value < 0.1250.025 < P-value < 0.0500.005 < P-value < 0.025P-value < 0.005

Sketch the sampling distribution and show the area corresponding to the P-value.

(iv) Based on your answers in parts (i) to (iii), will you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Are the data statistically significant at level α?

At the α = 0.05 level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are statistically significant.At the α = 0.05 level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant.    At the α = 0.05 level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are statistically significant.At the α = 0.05 level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant.

(v) Interpret your conclusion in the context of the application.

There is sufficient evidence at the 0.05 level to conclude that the patient is asymptotic.There is insufficient evidence at the 0.05 level to conclude that the patient is asymptotic.     

(c) Use the given data to find a 99% confidence interval for μ for this patient. (Round your answers to two decimal places.)
lower limit     %upper limit     %

Solutions

Expert Solution

(a) Use your calculator to calculate

b) A long-term population mean μ = 10% is considered a health risk. However, a long-term population mean above 10% is considered a clinical alert that the person may be asymptomatic. Do the data indicate that the population mean percentage is higher than 10% for this patient? Use α = 0.05.

(i) What is the level of significance? α = 0.05

State the null and alternate hypotheses.

H0: μ = 10%; H1: μ > 10%

(ii) What sampling distribution will you use? What assumptions are you making?

The Student's t, since we assume that x has a normal distribution with unknown σ.

What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answer to three decimal places.)=1.318

(iii) Find (or estimate) the P-value. =0.1071

P-value > 0.250

0.050 < P-value < 0.125

Sketch the sampling distribution and show the area corresponding to the P-value.

(iv) Based on your answers in parts (i) to (iii), will you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Are the data statistically significant at level α?

At the α = 0.05 level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant.

(v) Interpret your conclusion in the context of the application.

There is insufficient evidence at the 0.05 level to conclude that the patient is asymptotic.

(c) Use the given data to find a 99% confidence interval for μ for this patient. (Round your answers to two decimal places.)
lower limit 9.31 %upper limit 11.71 %

---------------------------------------------Work out----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

99% confidence interval:


Related Solutions

Carbon monoxide poisoning often has fatal results. When an individual is exposed to large amounts of...
Carbon monoxide poisoning often has fatal results. When an individual is exposed to large amounts of carbon monoxide, it essentially prevents oxygen from being delivered to electron transport chains. Based on your understanding of the electron transport chain, what specific problems would this cause? Why would the individual ultimately die?
1. Hemoglobin binds to and has a much higher affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) than for...
1. Hemoglobin binds to and has a much higher affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) than for oxygen. CO is colorless and odorless and can be produced in homes heated by natural gas; victims usually do not realize they are being poisoned and often die in their sleep. Describe the likely changes in a CO poisoning victim. 2. You are a physiologist on a space flight to a distant planet. You discover intelligent humanoid aliens inhabiting the planet, and they willingly...
Discuss the impact to hemoglobin structure/function from exercise, high altitude, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, 2, 3...
Discuss the impact to hemoglobin structure/function from exercise, high altitude, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, 2, 3 BPG, etc.
12. a) Consider a sample of hemoglobin molecules all bound to carbon monoxide CO. What conformation...
12. a) Consider a sample of hemoglobin molecules all bound to carbon monoxide CO. What conformation would be favored? What would the Hill plot of that sample look like? b Consider a sample of hemoglobin molecules all bound to BPG. What conformation would be favored? What would the Hill plot of that sample look like?
Many studies have been conducted to determine the concentration of CO (carbon monoxide) near freeways with...
Many studies have been conducted to determine the concentration of CO (carbon monoxide) near freeways with various conditions of traffic flow. The basic technique involves measuring CO concentrattions with a spectrophotometer. These machines are quite delicate and have to be calibrated every day. If the machine reads close to 70 ppm on the span gas, it’s ready for use; if not, it has to be adjusted. Each data set below represents some readings on span gas. Assume the Gaussian model,...
A home inspector claims that less than half of all homes have carbon monoxide detectors. In...
A home inspector claims that less than half of all homes have carbon monoxide detectors. In a survey of 240 randomly selected homes, they found that 102 have carbon monoxide detectors. Test the home inspector’s claim at a 5% significance level. a) Define the parameter and random variable of interest. b) State the null and alternative hypotheses, and identify the claim. c) Determine the distribution of the test statistic. (Check the relevant criteria.) d) Calculate the test statistic. e) Find...
You might have seen sunglasses that change to a color when exposed to light, while revert...
You might have seen sunglasses that change to a color when exposed to light, while revert to transpaparency when the light is blocked or dimmed. Thematerical used to make the glasses is called photochromic material that has light sensitive components inside. The technology is similar to that used to make a photographic film. (a) Explain, using necessary chemical formula, the working principle of photochromic sunglasses. (b) The color of the photochromic sunglasses is reversible, however, the image on a photographic...
Studies have shown that people who are using safety equipment when engaging in an activity tend...
Studies have shown that people who are using safety equipment when engaging in an activity tend to take increased risks. Will risk taking increase when people are not aware they are wearing protective equipment and are engaged in an activity that cannot be made safer by this equipment? Participants in the study were falsely told they were taking part in an eye-tracking experiment for which they needed to wear an eye-tracking device. Eighty subjects were divided at random into two...
What value does an iron carbon phase diagram have when heat treating steel?
What value does an iron carbon phase diagram have when heat treating steel?
All else equal, firms with higher leverage (D/E ratio) tend to have higher betas. However, when...
All else equal, firms with higher leverage (D/E ratio) tend to have higher betas. However, when firms are heavily levered (near the “zone of insolvency” or bankruptcy), their betas tend to drop significantly. Without mentioning anything about the equation for beta, briefly explain why this phenomenon might occur.
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT