Question

Include their function and the indication of an increased and decreased – what disorders are associated with high/low level, make sure to include signs and symptoms of the disorder/s.

1. Acetylcholine
2. Dopamine
3. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
4. Glutamate
5. Norepinephrine
6. Serotonin

Answer 1

ANSWER :

A) ACETYLCHOLINE

FUNCTIONS:

Acetylcholine functions in the both peripheral nervous system and central nervous system both as an activator and inhibitor. In the peripheral nervous system, it causes skeletal muscles to contract. In the central nervous system, it inhibits the activation of cholinergic system. It plays an important role in the signals of muscle movement, sensation of pain, learning and memory formation, the regulation of the endocrine system and rapid eye movement cycles.

DISORDER DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF ACETYLCHOLINE:

1) Myasthenia gravis

Signs and symptoms :Double vision, muscle weakness

DISORDER DUE TO INCREASED ACETYLCHOLINE :

Excessive accumulation of Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular and synapses causes symptoms of both muscarinic and nicotinic toxicity

Signs and symptoms :Increased salivation, lacrimation, muscle weakness

B)DOPAMINE :

FUNCTIONS :

It plays an important role in executive function of motor control, motivation, arousal, reinforcement and reward through signaling cascades that are exerted via binding to dopaminergic receptors at the projections found in the substantial nigra, ventral, teg mental area and areuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of the brain.

DISORDER DUE TO INCREASED DOPAMINE :

1) Schizophrenia

Signs and symptoms

Hallucination, delusion

DISORDER DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF DOPAMINE :

Loss of balance, difficulty for eating and swallowing

C)GAMMA AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

FUNCTIONS:GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain. In tandem with the excitatory neurotransmitter Glutamate, GABA modulates the inhibitory, excitatory balance necessary for proper brain functions in mature brains.

DISORDER DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF GABA :

1)Parkinson 's disorder

S/S:Loss of balance

DISORDER DUE TO INCREASED GABA

1)Hypersomnia

S/S:Low energy, irritability

D)GLUTAMATE

Functions :

1)Support brain function

2)A precursor of GABA

3)Plays a role in immunity

DISORDER DUE TO INCREASED GLUTAMATE

1)Multiple sclerosis

S/S:Pain, fatigue

DISORDER DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF GLUTAMATE

1)Coma

2)Psychosis

E) NOREPINEPHRINE

FUNCTION :

It helps to increase heart rate and blood pumping from the heart. It also helps to increase Blood pressure.

DISORDER DUE TO INCREASED NOREPINEPHRINE :

1)High blood pressure

2)Anxiety

DISORDER DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF NOREPINEPHRINE

1)Depression

2)Hypotension

F) SEROTONIN

FUNCTION :It helps to control bowel movements. Serotonin in the brain is thought to regulate anxiety, happiness and mood

DISORDER DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF SEROTONIN

1)Mood problems

2)Anxiety