Question

Fred, a 40 year old man, goes to see his doctor. He tells her he is experiencing weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia, and extreme fatigue. The doctor notes he has a fruity smell to his breath so she orders a fasting glucose for the next day. The fasting glucose was 150 mg/dL (normal range 70-99 mg/dL). Choose the treatment option(s) that best fit this patient's condition.

	a.	a calculated diet and exercise
	b.	metformin HCl (Glucophage)
	c.	vasopressin
	d.	a and b
	e.	a and c

Match the endocrine gland with the hormone(s) they secrete.

ovaries    parathyroid glands posterior pituitary

a. progesterone b. renin c. GH, TSH, ACTH d. T3, T4 e. aldosterone, cortisol, estrogen f. epinephrine g. testosterone h. vasopressin, oxytocin i. PTH j. thymosin k. melantonin l. TRH

Answer 1

• Answer- a and b

A blood sugar level more than 125 when fasting or more than 200 randomly is a diagnosis for diabetes.
Treatment is with diet and lifestyle changes that include eating less sugary foods, and foods that are high in simple carbohydrates (sugar, bread, and pasta.)
Sometimes a person will need to take drugs, for example, metformin (Glucophage).

If ketones are present, do not exercise. The risk is that blood sugar levels will rise even higher.

One of the ketones, acetone (a chemical found in nail polish), can cause your breath to smell like nail polish. When ketones rise to unsafe levels, you're at risk of a dangerous condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Symptoms of DKA include: a sweet and fruity odor on your breath.

• Ovaries: a.progesterone

The ovaries maintain the health of the female reproductive system.
Ovaries produce and release two groups of sex hormones—progesterone and estrogen. There are actually three major estrogens, known as estradiol, estrone, and estriol. These substances work together to promote the healthy development of female sex characteristics during puberty and to ensure fertility.

Estrogen (estradiol, specifically) is instrumental in breast development, fat distribution in the hips, legs, and breasts, and the development of reproductive organs.

• posterior pituitary: h. vassopressin, oxytocin

The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain beneath the hypothalamus and is no larger than a pea. It is often considered the most important part of the endocrine system because it produces hormones that control many functions of other endocrine glands. When the pituitary gland does not produce one or more of its hormones or not enough of them, it is called hypopituitarism.

The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe.
The posterior lobe produces the following hormones, which are not regulated by the hypothalamus:

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin): Controls water loss by the kidneys

Oxytocin: Contracts the uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk production

The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are actually produced in the brain and carried to the pituitary gland through nerves. They are stored in the pituitary gland.

• The parathyroid glands: i. PTH

They are two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, one pair on each side. They release parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a role in regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.