Question

2. Create a concept map of the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). Include expected effects of both cholinergics and anticholinergics, two drugs which stimulate the PSNS, and the main neurotransmitter involved in the PSNS. Identify a disease state or symptom which may be treated with either a cholinergic or an anticholinergic drug.

Answer 1

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: conserves energy as it slows heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.

FUNCTIONS: It includes a) regulates digestion ( urination and defecation) b) regulates sexual arousal c) slows heart rate and d) decreases blood pressure ( after the activation of fight and flight responses by sympathetic nervous system).

CHOLINERGIC DRUGS: It mimic the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which is the primary transmitter of nerve impulses within the parasympathetic nervous system( PSNS) that helps to contract smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions and slows the heart rate. The drug includes a) neostigmine and b) Ambenonium chloride (Mytelase)

ADVERSE EFFECTS: The possible adverse effects of cholinergic drug includes a) slow heart rate leading to cardiac arrest b) muscle weakness, muscle cramps and muscle pain c) convulsions d) inability to breath e) increased stomach acid and saliva f) nausea and vomiting g) dizziness, drowsiness and headache.

ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS: It opposes the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It inhibits the transmission of parasympathetic nerve impulses by reducing smooth muscle spasms.

ADVERSE EFFECTS: It includes a) dry mouth b) blurred vision c) hyperpyrexia ( overheating) and d) dementia.

DISEASE STATE : Cholinergic drugs are used in control to GLAUCOMA, a disease that is caused by increased pressure inside the eye. The most common drugs used for glaucoma are a) demecarium and b) echthiophate.