Outline the chemical reactions which occur in the iron blast furnace as the burden descends from the top of the furnace, until it reaches the top of the slag pool in the hearth. Refer to both direct and indirect reduction.

Explain in terms of chemistry and heat balances why the furnace is considered to consist of three distinct zones (Preheating zone, Indirect reduction zone, Direct reduction and melting zone).

The magnitude of the liquid-phase diffusivity is much smaller than that of the gas-phase diffusivity -justify the steatment...

Why is the Paleozoic era sometimes called the era of Trilobites? How many different species of trilobites existed during the Paleozoic? Why is the Holocene epoch (modern times) called the age of “Insects”? How many species of insects are in existence today?

How can an increase in temperature lead to more ice? How long has this been happening/since when?

Please briefly explain the relationship between sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels.

The difference in temperature between the boiling refrigerant temperature and the evaporator outlet temperature is known as ___________.

1)How does the feed forward control loop anticipate disturbance ? Elaborate with an example.
2)It is well known that PLC is used for batch processes; however, SCSADA can be used for continuous processes as well;though, it is built on PLC. How is that possible ?
3) A good example of the application of proportional derivative ( PD ) controller is

please solve the questions at least two questions

State environmental regulators have fined Duke Energy more than $6.6 million for a coal ash spill that fouled 70 miles of the Dan River two years ago last week. The Department of Environmental Quality issued the fine, along with a $207,000 bill for the agency's enforcement work, on Monday. The fine covers civil penalties the company committed before, during and after the Feb. 2, 2014, spill from ash ponds at Duke's shuttered Dan River Steam Station near Eden. The spill occurred when a corrugated metal stormwater pipe that ran under the ash ponds collapsed, allowing an estimated 39,000 tons of ash to flow from the unlined pits into the river. Coal ash is the material left over after coal is burned for energy, and it contains arsenic, mercury, lead and other materials harmful to humans and wildlife. The spill prompted the General Assembly to pass a law in 2014 requiring Duke to close all of its coal ash ponds statewide by 2029. The ash ponds in Eden and at three other sites were placed first on the priority list and must be closed by 2019. Duke has already started moving some of the ash by train to a Virginia landfill, and the company plans to create a lined landfill at the Eden plant site for the rest of the ash. The collapse of the stormwater pipe and the spill itself accounted for only $1.8 million of the fine, while $3.1 million was for environmental violations linked to years of leaks from the ash ponds into a second stormwater pipe that ran into the Dan River. The remainder of the fine was for Duke not properly maintaining the plant site to minimize the risk of a spill. The state is holding Duke Energy accountable so that it and others understand there are consequences to breaking the law," Secretary of Environmental Quality Donald van der Vaart said in a statement. Duke last May pleaded guilty to violations of the federal Clean Water Act in connection with the Dan River spill and with discharges from four other coal-fired power plants in North Carolina. The Charlotte-based utility agreed to pay $102 million in fines and restitution. DEQ said the state fine issued Monday is based on those violations, and the agency could issue additional fines for other violations associated with the spill. The Southern Environmental Law Center, which has challenged Duke's and DEQ's handling of coal ash leaks in court for years, called the fine "three years too late." "DEQ admits that Duke Energy committed over 2,000 violations of North Carolina law, which DEQ and Duke Energy failed to address prior to the Dan River spill, and it has taken DEQ two years to assess this fine for thousands of obvious violations of law," Frank Holleman, senior attorney for the SELC, said in a statement. "The Dan River spill was entirely unnecessary, and this fine against a multi-billion-dollar company does not solve any of the ongoing problems that continue to threaten North Carolina’s communities and clean water." Meanwhile, Duke officials said "the Dan River is thriving" after the spill and that company continues working to meet the state mandate to close all of its ash ponds. "We will review the action taken by NCDEQ today as we continue to work as quickly as the state process will allow to safely close coal ash basins," the company said in a statement. "At the Dan River facility and across the state, we’re making strong progress in closing basins in ways that protect people and the environment, comply with state and federal coal ash laws, minimize impact to communities and manage cost."

1. Discuss the news story?

2. What are your inputs on it?

discuss the signification of salt content analysis in crude sample?

Humans use minerals and rocks for every object we have. Choose ONE mineral, mineraloid, or rock that has been important enough to mine for our human civilization. Explain how we use it in our lives. You should not post a choice that already has been posted by another student. Post NEEDS to be a minimum of 300 words. (I already asked this question here but the answer I got was all over the place. Just a suggestion, Diamond or Bronze are good ones. Also thank you in advance :) )

100 kg/hr of aqueous mixture containing 74 %wt of sucrose is cooled from 60 ˚C to 20 ˚C. Due to the decrease in temperature, some of the sugar precipitates out from the mixture as crystals and are subsequently removed via a separator unit.  In the separation of the crystals, for every 1 kg of crystals removed, 0.05 kg of the aqueous mixture will be removed together with the crystals.  Calculate the mass flow rate of the remaining saturated aqueous solution (in kg/hr).

Assume that the solubility of sucrose as a function of temperature in ˚C is given by the equation: %wt sucrose = 63.2 + 0.146T + 0.0006T2

1.Describe in words the relationships between lava chemical composition, lava viscosity, and volcano shapes. Illustrate your answer with sketches of at least two types of volcano shapes.

2.In words and/or diagrams, compare and contrast strombolian and Plinian eruption styles. Be sure to address the relative magnitude (how much material is erupted?), eruption duration (how long does it last?), how explosive the eruption is, and the types of erupted materials.

3.Name and describe three tectonic environments in which volcanism occurs. For each environment, briefly describe the primary magma generation mechanism (with or without accompanying diagrams, as needed).

4.Explain in words how Bowen’s Reaction Series (BRS) works, and how it results in lavas with different chemical compositions. List two physical characteristics that differ between the initial lava and the final lava produced near the end of the fractional crystallization process. What rock names would you give to each of those lavas (i.e.., the initial and final products) if they erupted? Be sure you are clear about which is which.

Problem 1 (20 pts) Problem 1.3 rice
Pure water is passing through a tube constructed of solid Citric acid. Since citric acid is slightly soluble in water (denote solubility as C* moles acid/cm3 solution), the inner walls of the tube will dissolve very slowly. By weighing the dried tube before and after exposure, it is possible to calculate the rate of mass transfer.
a. Sketch a flow diagram of the system ( 5 pts)
b. Take a quasi-steady-state material balance for plug velocity profiles and show that the ODE obtained is: (10 pts)
−??????+??(4?)(?∗−?)=0
where D denotes the inner tube diameter (taken as approximately invariant), v0 is liquid velocity, and kC is the (constant) mass transfer coefficient.
c. Solve the equation in a to express C as a function of Z? (5 pts)