Glucose syrup is heated to 75°C in a cylindrical stirred jacketed vessel. The vessel has an inner diameter of 1.3 m, height of 1.8 m, and is 70 % filled with Glucose syrup. The heating medium in the jacket is at 100°C and the initial temperature of the syrup is 30°C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 300 W/m2 K. The density and heat capacity of the syrup are 1220 kg/m3 and 3.3 kJ/kg.K respectively.

a) Calculate the time to heat the glucose syrup from 30°C to 75°C.

b) What assumptions do you need to consider for these calculations and why?

Craig is setting up a fluidized bed in which a reaction will take place. The reactants are combined with compressed air to act as the fluid in the bed and the particles inside of the bed are catalysts for the reaction. Craig sets up an experiment to determine which particle size is most effective for his reactor. In experiment 1, Craig utilizes particles that are 1 mm in diameter. In experiment 2, Craig uses particles that are 5 mm in diameter. Craig finds that his reaction reaches completion much faster when the 5 mm diameter particles are used so he decides to go forward with utilizing the larger particles for his reactor. What is one (1) potential drawback of utilizing the larger particles over the smaller ones? (answer must relate to the operation of the fluidized bed)

You can assume that the total mass of the particle bed will be equivalent no matter the size of the particles, the particles have the same density and that the particles are priced the same per gram over all size ranges. The tube in which the fluidization takes place is the same for both particle types. Additionally, the bed must become fluidized to achieve best reaction results.

How does one calibrate a stopped-flow apparatus? How do we know whether or not to trust a measurement from the stopped-flow method?

A tank containing 100 kg of a 60% brine (60% salt) at 33°C is filled with a 10% salt solution (28°C) at the rate of 10 kg/min. The barometric pressure is 101.5 KPa. Solution is removed from the tank at the rate of 15 kg/min. Find the kilograms of salt in the tank after 10 min

1. A rocket turbine is driven by gases having specific heat ratio of 1.3 and specific heat of 1070 J/kg-K. The turbine entry stagnation conditions are 810 K and 2 MPa. If the discharge pressure from the turbine is 0.14 MPa, calculate its specific work. h_ts = 0.70.                  {Ans.: 2.78 (10⁵) J/kg}

Furfural may be obtained by the acid catalyzed dehydration of 5-carbon sugars (pentoses), particularly xylose.

C5H10O5→C5H4O2, +3 H2O

Estimate the theoretical yield (mass basis) of furfural from hemi-cellulose of a biomass, in m3/metric ton. Assume that the biomass contains 32% of hemicellulose, of which 90% is xylose,on mass basis.Please provide adequate details and procedures to explain your reasoning, assumptions. Furfural (C5H4O2,MW= 96.08 g/mol)

A liq mixture of benzene-toluene is to be distilled in a fractionating tower at 101.3 kPa pressure. The feed of 100 kg mol/h is liquid and it contains 45 mole % benzene and 55 mole % toluene and enters at 327.6 K (130 ◦F). A distillate containing 95 mole % benzene and 5 mole % toluene and a bottoms containing 10 mole % benzene and 90 mole % toluene are to be obtained. The average heat capacity of the feed is 159 kJ/ kg mol – K and the average latent heat 32099 kJ/ kg mol.

Calculate the following: (a) Minimum reflux ratio R_m· (b) Minimum number of theoretical plates at total reflux by using the graphical McCabe-Thiele Method. (c) Minimum number of theoretical plates at total reflux by using the Fenske eq.

The equilibrium and the vapor - pressure data are given below for the system benzene-toluene. Make a list of all the important assumptions you are making in your calculations. Note: All plots must be done either by using Excel or on a graph paper.

Part of Dr. Ritchey’s work in her previous job involved boiling and condensing hydrocarbon mixtures. In one of her experiments, she used a binary mixture of n-pentane (density 39.1 lbm/ft^3) and p-xylene (density 53.8 lbm/ft^3). One outlet stream of her condenser was measured to have a flow rate of 56 ft^3/min and a concentration of 30/70 n-pentane/p-xylene by volume. The other outlet stream was measured to have a flow rate of 16 ft^3/min and a concentration of 50/50 n-pentane/p-xylene by volume. If the system operates at steady state and the only inlet to her condenser has a flow rate of 72 ft^3/min, what is the inlet concentration of n-pentane in % by volume?

Note: 30/70 by volume means that 30% of the volume is n-pentane and 70% of the volume is p-xylene.

Please show work with explained steps

Himmelblau: Toluene, C7H8, is burned with 30% excess air. A bad burner cause 15% of the carbon to form soot (pure C) deposited on the walls of the furnace, what is the Orsat analysis of the gases leaving the furnace?

Ans: 9.1% CO2; 8.9% O2; 82% N2

Please include diagrams, calculus, and important notes. Thanks!

Water (H₂O) is split into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) in a reactor. While only water enters the reactor, the conversion is incomplete. So all three components exit the reactor.

(a)

Draw and label a process flow diagram. Clearly number each stream.

(b)

Starting from the general form of the energy balance, list the assumptions that should be used to simplify the energy balance.

(c)

Starting from the general form of the energy balance again, apply the assumptions and simplify the energy balance.

(d)

Finally, write the energy balance in terms of molar flow rates for all components entering and exiting the reactor.

Very cold water (5°C) is heated at atmospheric pressure (1 atm) until saturated vapor is formed.

(a)

Draw an enthalpy path for the water.

(b)

Calculate the specific enthalpy change (kJ/mol) for each step in the path, and calculate the total specific enthalpy change (kJ/mol).

(c)

Compare the total enthalpy change from the enthalpy path to the total enthalpy change using the steam tables (see zyExample in another section).

(d)

Compute the ratio of latent heat to sensible heat.

(e)

The process is completed in reverse, cooling saturated water vapor to very cold water. Will the magnitude of the specific enthalpy change increase, decrease, or stay the same?

A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment that allows heat to be transferred from one stream to another while preventing the streams from mixing. Here, a heat exchanger has one stream containing an ice slurry entering at 0°C that exits as water (H₂O) at 20°C. The second stream enters at 8.8 kg/min as hot ammonia (NH₃) vapor at 12.2 atm and 144°C. The ammonia stream leaves the exchanger as a vapor at 12.2 atm and 34°C. Two heat capacities of ammonia are provided as: C_p (NH₃, vapor, P=12.2 atm) = 8.0 J/mol-K and C_p (NH₃, liquid, P=12.2 atm) = 82.3 J/mol-K.

(a)

Draw the enthalpy path for each component.

(b)

Find the mass flow rate (kg/s) of the water.

(c)

What percentage of the enthalpy change of the water is due to the phase change?

(d)

The water enters as liquid water at 0^oC instead of an ice slurry. Will the enthalpy change of the water stream increase, decrease, or stay the same?

For Si single crystals: ni = 1.45 x 1010 cm-3 ; electron mobility µn = 1400 cm2 V-1 s-1 ; hole mobility µp = 450 cm2 V-1 s-1 . (a) A single crystal of Si is highly doped with B (a p-type dopant). It has a measured resistivity of 1.5 x 10-3 W-cm.

a) What are the free hole (p) and free electron (n) concentrations (in carriers/cm3 ) in the material?

b) If a quantum dot (diameter = 5 nm) is made from the above silicon wafer, how many dopant atoms are in a single quantum dot? Assume that the quantum dot is spherical, so the volume of the dot, V = 4/3 pr 3 , where r = dot radius = 1/2 dot diameter.

c) If a quantum dot (diameter = 5 nm) is made from the above silicon wafer, how many silicon atoms are in a single quantum dot? Assume that the quantum dot is spherical, and the density of silicon is 2.33 g/cm3 .

Write down three stages of a cold-worked copper that is heat treated and explain them briefly.