Is there a minimum reflux ratio for the batch distillation? If so, how can we determine it experimentally? Please help me with this. I'm not sure since batch operates like one stage but the slope of the rectifying section is the same? Is it the same way as finding Rmin for Continuous distillation? Thanks!

purpose of creating standard curve for refractive index in smple and fractional distillation experiment?

The Navier Stokes equation is well known. Make the Navier Stokes equation dimensionless. Make your assumptions about the different parameters. Using Reynold's number, show the terms that exist at high Reynold's number and those at low Reynold's number What do these represent?

Please explain in full detail.

what is the difference between Aqueous Environment corrsion and High temperate Environment corrsion?

Q2) what is the difference between cathode and anode?

Please solve them in easy way, clear writing, and show the differences

2. A chemical engineer is monitoring the concentration of chemicals as a function of time in a cylindrical batch reactor of radius R and height H, running at full capacity. The following reaction takes place in the batch reactor: A + 2B ↔ 3C The rates of the forward and reverse reactions follow mass action kinetics; assume rate constants as appropriate.

a) At t=0, the reactor contains zero moles of C and non-zero moles of A and B. If the reactor conditions (e.g. temperature) are always maintained such that the forward reaction is dominant (i.e. safe to assume reverse reaction can be neglected in this case), derive expressions for the concentration of A, B, and C as a function of time for the two cases

i. n_A0 >> n_B0

ii. n_B0 >> n_A0

b) If the reactor conditions allow for the reversible reaction to proceed, write out all the unsteady state materials balances for A, B and C in this batch reactor. (Simplify as much as you can but no need to solve)

2222You have discovered a unique molecule which binds only to anthrax spores and when it does, fluoresces at 650 nm. Please design an inexpensive microchip detector for rapidly screening for the presence of anthrax. Describe details of your feasibility study. Assume lab feasibility of your design is successful; describe your work flow to translate this technology for public use. (Your answers should be clearly described Use schematics diagrams if needed)

Calculate the pH when the following quantities of 0.100 M HNO₃ have been added to 25.00 mL of 0.100 M KOH solution:

1. Initial pH

2. pH at 24.90 mL of HNO₃ added

3. pH at Equivalence point (25.00 mL of HNO₃ added)

4.pH at 25.10 mL of HNO₃ added

5. Final pH (good rule of thumb- 2x volume added to reach equivalence point 50.00 mL of HNO₃ added)

6. Sketch the titration curve for this reaction using the above 5 points

Corals that form in modern oceans precipitate the mineral aragonite as their skeletal material. Is their aragonite skeleton in thermodynamic equilibrium with their surroundings? Explain your answer.

One of the complex ions below absorb the shortest wavelength of visible light equal to 429 nm.

(1) [CoI6]3-,   (2) [Co(H2O)6]3+,   (3) [Co(OH)6]3+,     (4) [Co(NH3)6]3+,     (5) [Co(en)3]3+.

Given the spectrochemical series, color(wavelength range), and the values of Plank's constant, h, and the speed of light, c, below;

I- < Br- < Cl- < F- < OH- < H2O < NH3 < en < NO2- < CN-

Red(750-650)nm, Orange(650-580)nm, Yellow(580-560)nm,

Green(560-490)nm, Blue(490-430)nm, Violet(430-400)nm,

[h = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s, c = 2.998 x 108 m/s],

Place the answers to the following questions in the space provided.
If your answer(s) are in exponential form they should be entered as follows; 1.00 x 10-14 is entered as 1.00e-14.
Multiple colors may be input as blue-green, red-orange, etc.

The energy of absorption, ∆o=  J, the color observed=  ,

and the number of the complex ion from above is =

Identify a suitable adsorbent for the removal of these compounds:

-Natural Organic Matter

- Atrazine

- Chromium

- Mercury

- Calcium/Magnesium (hardness)

List the possible causes of a rig collapse. When is a collapse most likely to occur and why?

Gas Chromatography of Ethanol in Alcoholic Beverages Questions

(1) What is the purpose of n-propanol in this experiment and why is it so cruical to accuracy and precision to this experiment?

(2) Why were there only two chromatographic peaks (Ethanol + N-propyl) seen in the data collected for all of the analytical standards?

Please answer both in detail, thank you!

EDIT: Procedure below:

1) Using an adjustable pipet, transfer 1.00mL of the liquor (66% proof Fireball) and 0.500mL of n-propanol into a 10.00mL volumetric flask. Dilute to the mark with nanopure water.

2)5.00% v/v Ethanol standard (one per group): Pipet 0.500 mL of absolute ethanol and 0.500mL of n-propanol into a 10.00mL volumetric flask using an adjustable pipet. Dilute to the mark with nanopure water.

3) Set up the gas chromatograph for an isothermal anaylsis at 90 C. Inject 1 uL of the 5% ethanol standard until consistant results are obtained.

4) Sequentially analyze 1uL of both your unknown sample and the 5.00% ethanol standard.

5) Estimate the concentration of the ethanol by comparing area ratios to the 5% ethanol standard. Be sure to correct for the dilution factor used to prepare the sample. Prepare 3 addtional ethanol standards suitable for calibration of your particular alchol sample.

6) Injections of the 1uL should be used for all FOUR ethanol standards and unknown (fireball 66% proof). Each standard and sample should be run three times and use the data to answer questions and create graphs.

The graphs had 2 peaks. One smaller peak of Ethanol and one larger peak of N-Propanol.

When validating an Autoclave, what are the steps in the qualification study?

a) What is the strength and limitation od the four methods for finding the roots of equations: (1) the graphical method; (2) the bisection method; (3) the simple (one-point) iteration method and (4) the Newton Raphson method. You can use graphs or example to enhance your explanation.

b) Discuss the strength and limitation of (1)naive Gauss elimination; (2)Gauss elimination with partial pivoting, (3) Jacobi iteration and (4) Gauss-Siedel method in solving the set of linear equations, in terms of error and convergence.

What is a major economic advantage of producing therapeutic proteins in plants rather than in bioreactors filled with microbes or mammalian cells?