Question

Complete the following tables.

Disease	Virus	1 major symptom	Transmission	Immunization
Rabies
Poliomyelitis
Influenza
Rubella
Chickenpox (varicella)
Shingles
Mumps
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Dengue
AIDS

Disease	Name of causative agent	Transmission to humans
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Epidemic typhus
Rickettsialpox
Q fever
Trachoma
Psittacosis
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis

Answer 1

Rabies :

virus - Rabies lyssavirus

Major symptom - Tingling at site of exposure at first followed by the neurological symptom (hallucination)

Transmission - saliva of infected animals(ex. Through bite of a rabid dog)

Immunization - killed /inactivated rabies vaccine injected intramuscularly

Poliomyelitis :

Virus - poliovirus (enterovirus)

Major symptom - muscle weakness

Transmission - contaminated water, food or contact with infected person via faeco-oral and oro pharyngeal routes

Immunization - Polio vaccines (inactivated poliovirus given by injection and weakened poliovirus given by mouth). one dose each at 2 month, 4 month, between 6 to 18 months and 4 to 6 years old.

Influenza :

Virus - influenza virus (orthomyxoviridae)

Major symptom - Affect mostly lungs. other common symptoms are high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, headache, coughing, and feeling tired.

Transmission - Aerosols spread by coughing and sneezing ; contact with contaminated surface ; by saliva ; or direct contact with infected person

Immunization - Inactivated, attenuated or recombinant influenza vaccines given intramuscularly or intranasally

Rubella :

Virus - Rubella virus (Togavirus)

Major symptom - swollen lymph nodes

Transmission - spread via aerosols/respiratory droplets produced on coughing and by saliva (kissing, drink sharing)

Immunization - live attenuated rubella vaccine given alone or in combinations. Combinations are MMR (measeles, mumps, rubella) or MMRV (measeles, mumps,rubella, varicella ) vaccine.

Chickenpox :

Virus - Varicella zoster virus

Major symptom - Characteristic skin rash which form small itchy blisters

Transmission - Spread through aerosols or contact with blisters

Immunization - live attenuated varicella vaccine known as MMRV vaccine given subcutaneously (under skin). either one or two doses are given.

Shingles - also known as herpes zoster

Virus - Varicella zoster virus

Major symptom - Painfull skin rash with blisters in localized areas

Transmission - Direct contact with rash blisters

* for shingles to occur first a person might have chicken pox earlier in life. This remains inactive and later becomes active which now causes shingles instead of chicken pox.

Immunization - live attenuated vaccine (Zostavax injected subcutaneously) ; Recombinant vaccine (Shingrix injected intramuscularly).

Mumps -

Virus - Orthorubulavirus (paramyxovirus)

Major symptom - Painful swelling of one or both parotid salivary gland

Transmission - Through direct contact, saliva on kissing and via respiratory droplets

Immunization - MMR vaccine (Attenuated virus given in combination vaccine or measles and rubella. two doses are given . first between age of 12 -18 months and second between 2year - 8year of age.

Hepatitis A

Virus - Hepatovirus A

Major symptom - jaundice

Transmission - Eating contaminated food and water ; contact with contaminated faeces.

Immunization - Hepatitis vaccine of attenuated or inactivated virus injected intramuscularly. sometimes given in combination with typhoid or hepatitis B Vaccine. two doses after age one

Hepatitis B

Virus - hepatitis B virus

Major symptom - jaundice

Transmission - sexual contact (mostly) ; transferred through blood and body fluid

Immunization - hepatitis B vaccine given intramuscularly . first dose given within 24 hr of birth

Dengue -

Virus - Dengue virus (of family flaviviridae)

Major symptom - skin rash, joint and muscle pain

Transmission - spread by a female mosquito aedes Aegypti

Immunization - Three injections of attenuated virus given subcutaneously in a year

HIV/ AIDS -

Virus - Human immunodeficiency virus

Major symptom - Weight loss and enlarged lymph nodes

Transmission - blood transfusion ; sexual contact ; mother to child ; intravenous drug abusers.

Immunization - No vaccination available

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Rocky Mountain spotted fever -

Causative agent - Rickettsia rickettsii spreaded by ticks

Transmission to humans - American dog ticks, Rocky Mountain wood ticks, and brown dog ticks. Rarely the disease is spread by blood transfusions.

Epidemic typhus (loose bourne typhus)

Causative agent -- ickettsia prowazekii

Transmission to humans -- contact with infected body lice

Rickettsialpox

Causative agent -- Rickettsia akari

Transmission to human - Chiggers (mite larva) or adult mites.

Q fever

Causative agent - Coxiella burnetii

Transmission to human - by sheep, goat or cattle by inhaling contaminated dust particles

Trachoma:

causative agent - bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis

Transmission to human -- Poor sanitation, crowded living conditions, and not enough clean water and toilets and mostly by direct or indirect (flies or cloth) contact by affected persons eye.

Psittacosis -

Causative agent - bacterium Chlamydia psittaci

Transmission to human -- Transmitted by mouth-to-beak contact, or through the airborne inhalation of feather dust, dried faeces, or the respiratory secretions of infected birds.

Contracted from infected parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels, and budgerigars, and from pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other species of birds.

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis -

Causative agent - Ehrlichia chaffeensis

Transmission to human - Bite of the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum