Question

Explain the rate-determining step, as discussed in General or Organic Chemistry

Answer 1

The rate determining step is the slowest step of a chemical reaction that determines the speed (rate) at which the overall reaction proceeds. The rate determining step can be compared to the neck of a funnel. The rate at which water flows through a funnel is limited/ determined by the width of the neck of the funnel and not by the rate at which the water is poured into the funnel. Like the neck of the funnel, the slow step of a reaction determines the rate of a reaction. A reaction only has a rate determining step if it has a step that is significantly slower than the other steps in the reaction.

The rate determining step is important in deriving the rate equation of a chemical reaction. For example, consider a multi-step reaction:

A+B?C+D

Assume the elementary steps for this reaction are the following:

Step 1: Slow    A+A?C+E   (with a rate constant, k1)

Step 2: Fast    E+B?A+D   (with a rate constant, k2)

where E is an intermediate, the product in step 1 and a reactant in step 2 that does not show up in the overall reaction. This is because when steps 1 and 2 are added, intermediate E cancels out, along with the extra reactant A from step 1. Note that intermediate reactions do not show up in the overall reaction.

In the case of this hypothetical reaction, if step 1 is the slow step and step 2 is the fast step of the reaction, then the overall reaction rate depends on step 1; the slow step in a reaction is always the rate-limiting step, another name for the rate determining step.

Therefore the rate equation is,

rate=k1[A][A]=k1[A]2