A monopolist faces a demand curve of the form: P = 610 – 0.01Q. The total cost for this monopolist is TC = 2,000,000 + 10Q. Assume there are no externalities of production or consumption of this monopolist’s product.

a) Suppose this monopolist cannot price discriminate. Explain why this monopolist will not produce an output greater than 30,000 units.

b) Draw a diagram to illustrate this monopolist’s situation. Show the demand, marginal revenue and marginal cost curves, and the profit maximizing price and quantity from part (a).

This question is based on the article, "The German economy: Clouds ahead", published by The Economist on June 7, 2014 (located at the end of the question)

(a) According to the article, German labor market has done well since the second half of 2000s. What are the two main reasons given by the article for this outcome? Please support your conclusions with appropriate quotations from the article.

(b) The article points out that Germany has been under-investing between the early 2000s and early 2010s. What evidence does the article present for Germany's under-investment in that period? [5] According to the article, what are the likely consequences of low investment for productivity growth in the German economy?

(c) According to the article, what role has the government played in Germany's under-investment? What is the likely impact to this aspect of government policy on Germany's long-run real exchange rate, based on the model(s) of exchange rate determination?

(d) The article claims that Germany's services sector requires an array of reforms. If the proposed reforms are implemented and those reforms end up raising the productivity of Germany's service sector, what would be the impact on Germany's competitiveness vis-à-vis its trading partners? Please make sure to explain the mechanism that supports the answer you provided.

Article starts here: Clouds ahead

AFTER months of procrastination, the European Central Bank acted on several fronts on June 5th to counter low inflation, currently just 0.5% in the euro zone. The ECB lowered its main lending rate from an already low 0.25% to 0.15%. More important, it became the first big central bank to resort to negative interest rates by lowering its deposit rate, paid to banks parking funds with it, from zero to minus 0.1%—in effect charging them. Moreover, it announced new measures to help credit-starved businesses in the periphery of the euro zone by providing cheap long-term funding to banks supporting such firms through their lending. Such stimulus had become essential to promote a broader recovery that relies less on Germany.

Buoyant German growth of 0.8% (or 3.3% at an annualised rate), reflected in Berlin by cranes on the skyline and roadworks at street level, was all that kept the economy of the euro area from contracting in the first quarter of 2014. Though that pace is likely to slow, Germany's economy is expected to expand by around 2% a year in both 2014 and 2015, easily outstripping the rest of the single-currency club, as it has done since the euro crisis started in 2010.

Germany's current-account surplus has averaged nearly 7% of GDP since 2006 and reached a new peak of 7.5% in 2013. Sustaining so big a surplus is all the more remarkable since Germany's main export market, the rest of the euro zone, has been so sickly; the surplus with other euro members has fallen from 4.5% of GDP in 2007 to 2.1% in 2013. But exporters have been adaptable, taking advantage of the hunger in high-investing emerging markets for the machinery and transport goods that German firms excel at producing.

A humming labour market, helped by past far-reaching reforms, is another indication that things are going well. Employment last year reached nearly 42m, a rise of 3m in the past decade and the highest since unification in 1990. Unemployment has fallen from 11.4% of the labour force nine years ago to 5.2% now, a post-unification low and the second-lowest level in the 28-country EU.

The surge in jobs has contributed to healthy tax revenues. A long period of ultra-low long-term interest rates, in part due to Germany's status as a haven during the euro crisis, has also lowered borrowing costs on government debt. These favourable conditions, along with fiscal restraint, mean that German public finances have been blooming, too. In 2012 the overall budget balance edged into surplus and last year government debt fell below 80% of GDP for the first time since 2009.

These economic and fiscal successes continue to make Germany a bastion of strength in the fragile euro zone. But the long-term outlook is worryingly weak. Although western Germany had a baby boom from the mid-1950s until the mid-1960s, its birth rate has been below the replacement rate (of around 2.1) since the start of the 1970s. Net migration, though currently high at around 400,000 people a year, will not be enough to counter this demographic drag, which is reducing the potential for growth by crimping the labour supply. That makes higher productivity growth vital. Yet even if productivity improves substantially, the demographic pressure is such that potential economic growth will fall below 1% within a decade, according to the OECD (see chart).

Raising productivity growth requires higher investment in both physical and human capital. Despite Germans' pride in their imposing current-account surplus, it can be interpreted as a sign of weakness, since it represents a shortfall of domestic investment in relation to national saving. Total investment has fallen from 21.5% of GDP in 2000 to 17.2% in 2013. The government is not only investing too little in new infrastructure but also spending too little on maintenance.

The biggest decline in investment, however, has been from business. According to the DIW, an economic think-tank in Berlin, investment needs to be raised by around 3% of GDP permanently. Markus Kerber of the Federation of German Industry is especially worried about infrastructure, ranging from power grids to broadband.

The shortfall in capital is human as well as physical. In Berlin, as elsewhere in Germany, employers report skills shortages in many industries. Spending on education is lower than it is in other rich countries, with only part of that gap warranted by the dwindling number of children. An OECD survey of working-age adults in rich countries found that Germans were a little more numerate than the average but a bit less literate—a surprisingly poor result. The share of young people getting a tertiary qualification (such as a university degree) is less than a third, below the average for advanced countries.

Higher productivity growth will require a better performance on the part of the services sector, which makes up 69% of the economy. It lacks the dynamism of Germany's manufacturers despite an encouraging surge in internet startups in Berlin. Reforms to enhance competition, especially among professional services, worth 10% of GDP, would help to gin up productivity more generally. The OECD advocates an array of reforms such as loosening the grip of notaries over commercial registration and the removal of regulated prices for the services of architects and building engineers—a restrictive arrangement unique to Germany within the EU.

But with things going so well, there is little appetite for a new wave of reforms. According to a recent poll by Eurobarometer, 84% of Germans are satisfied with the state of their economy, the highest share in the euro zone. The coalition government formed at the end of last year is too inclined to respond to the demand for payback after previous painful reforms, notes Michael Hüther, head of IW Köln, an economic think-tank. A case in point is the recent backpedalling on pension reform, which will allow some people to retire with a full pension at 63 rather than 65.

The resilience of the German economy should not be underestimated. But for the euro zone's good and its own, Germany cannot afford to become complacent.

How can we improve health, wealth and societal well-being by investing in health system

Define subculture and counterculture and give one example of each? Is it better to marry someone of the same cultural background? Do you agree or disagree justify it?

Consider a local used car market with an unlimited number of buyers, 50 sellers of high-quality cars, 30 sellers of medium-quality cars and 20 sellers of low-quality cars. Each seller offers up to 1 car for sale. Sellers of high-quality cars value their car at $15,000, sellers of medium-quality cars at $7,000, and sellers of low-quality cars at $3,000. Buyers value high-quality cars at $20,000, medium-quality cars at $10,000, and low-quality cars at $5,000.
Answer the following questions according to the lemon’s model that we discussed in class.
If buyers and sellers are symmetrically and fully informed about the quality of the cars, ...
(a) ... how many “submarkets” for cars will there exist? (1 mark)
(b) ... what is the total surplus generated in the market for cars? That is, what is the total surplus generated in all “submarkets” together?
If sellers are fully informed about the car quality but buyers do not know the car quality, ...
(c) ... how many “submarkets” for cars will there exist? (1 mark)
(d) ... will high quality cars be traded in the market equilibrium? Explain your answer.
(e) ... can medium quality cars be traded in a market equilibrium? Explain your answer.
(f) ... what is the total surplus generated in the market for cars, assuming as many cars as possible are traded in market equilibrium? (1 mark)
(g) Compute the difference between the total surplus of (b) and the total surplus of (f). In the scenario with asymmetric information from (c) - (f), is the market for used cars efficient? Explain your answer.
(h) Which sellers gain and which sellers lose if we move from the symmetric information situation of (a)-(b) to the asymmetric information situation in (c)-(f)? How much do they gain or lose?

If you were in charge of our society, what socio-cultural practice would you most try to change to help improve our society? Explain your answer.

The type of economic theory we cover in this course originates from the neoclassical school of thought. The origins of this school stem from the work of Alfred Marshall (1842- 1924). Marshall's work set in motion the marginalist revolution in economic thought, and hence the neoclassical school is occasionally referred to as the marginalist school. Explain in your own words the concept of marginal (in the mathematical sense) and how it relates to the economic concepts we've been studying. Why is the concept of marginal so important in the theory of the consumer? (Hint: ∂U ∂X , ∂U ∂Y ).

1. Three natural barriers to entry are

control of resources, economies of scale, and licensing.

economies of scale, problems raising capital, and control of resources.

control of resources, patents and copyright law, and licensing.

control of resources, patents and copyright law, and economies of scale.

problems raising capital, patents and copyright law, and licensing.

2.

When customers face significant switching costs, the

supply for the existing product becomes more inelastic.

supply for the existing product is perfectly inelastic.

demand for the existing product becomes more inelastic.

demand for the existing product becomes neither perfectly elastic nor perfectly inelastic.

demand for the existing product is perfectly inelastic.

3.

Like a pure monopoly, an oligopoly is characterized by

free entry and exit in the long run.

free entry and exit in the short run.

significant barriers to entry.

a single firm selling a product with no close substitutes.

all firms in the market producing the socially efficient level of output in the long run.

Should governments intervene in trade? Have government interventions been positive or negative for trade? In your answer refer to the USA/China trade war as well as other examples where appropriate.

Outline why comparative advantage theory is considered to be a strong predictor of global trade patterns. When compared against other trade theories do you consider it the best theory to explain global trade patterns? Why/why not?

Broad Question-(approx 350 words)

In the situation of perfect competition, in long run equilibrium which of the following is not true:

the marginal cost curve intersects the average cost curve at the minimum point of the average cost curve.

average costs are equal to the market price of the good.

average costs are equal to marginal revenue.

the demand curve facing the individual firm has a downward slope.

Assuming long-run equilibrium exists, when demand increases in a perfectly competitive market, in the long run the average total cost curve for a typical firm

no longer u-shaped

shifts downward

shifts upward

stays the same

In a market situation of perfect competition, if average costs are greater than price, then in the long run:

market demand will increase.market demand will decrease.entry into the market by other suppliers will occur.

exit from the market by suppliers will occur. market demand will increase and entry into the market by other suppliers will occur. market demand will decrease and exit from the market by suppliers will occur.

write an essay of 900 words, how direct shipment method used by retail companies to reduce inventory holding cost will impact: supply-side logistic system and demand-side logistic system explain in detail.

Charlotte spends her income of $2400 on clothing (good x), and the composite good (good y ). The utility Charlotte receives from consuming a basket of clothing and the composite good is, U(x, y ) = 2√ x + y 300. The corresponding marginal utilities are, MUx = 1 √ x and MUy = 1/ 300.
(c) Find Charlotte’s optimal consumption basket when the price of clothing is Px1 = $50, and the price of the composite good is Py = $1.

(d) Find Charlotte’s optimal consumption basket when the price of clothing increases to Px2 = $60 (the price of the composite good remains Py = $1).

(e) Find the income and substitution effects for the price increase. Is clothing a normal good? Briefly explain

What is GE Aviation cost and pricing in regards to economics? How would GE Aviation operations and services be characterized?