Question

1.Discuss the issue of digital divide. Is it lessening or widening with more technological innovation? How have businesses, government bodies, and nonprofit organizations met the digital divide challenge?

2. Describe the ethical challenges regarding one of the following scientific breakthroughs: genetically modified foods, human genome or stem cell research. Do the potential benefits of this breakthrough outweigh the potential costs?

3. Explain the concept of the "right to be forgotten." What are its implications to governments, businesses and individuals?

4. Discuss the motivations of cybercriminals. Explain the costs that cybercrime has on businesses, governments, and individuals.

Answer 1

1. Digital divide is an important issue in today's society. It is the lack of connectivity or entry of internet. It represents the gap in terms of use of technology between two group on the basis of various factors like economic, genderlines, age, religion, or even race. The causes include Age, remote location, religion or government. Digital divide can also occur due lack of skills to use technology. It has certain effects such as unable to act quickly in an emergency situation, lack of global understanding and less connectivity also reduce awareness and poor relationship with external environment. Remote areas where there is no connection or poor quality and speed, some religions that forbids the use of internet, or sometimes even government may deny the use and access of internet . Technological revolutions and innovation are lessening these gaps. Advancement of technology enabled to find means to reach poor connectivity areas and bride the gap by ensuring more quality in digital infrastructure , impart training and skills , means to increase the speed of internet in remote areas etc. Business, governemnt and non profit organization met this challenge by investing on means that enable everyone to connect to internet. Non profit organization could use technology to inspire and empower people by providing training on how to use the skills. Governement has created affordable opportunities to access the technology and to promote equitable use of digital service over the marginalised communities inorder to overcome barriers with respect to education, digital literacy etc.

2. Genetically modified foods are created by mating the organisms with desirable traits or by making changes in DNAs to mold species to meet dietry needs, it is a form of direct manipulation of genes. The ethical challenges raised by genetically modified foods include environment damage , cross pollination, the increased chance of allergies and diseases also it could affect or disturb the delicate balance of biodiversity.It may have harmful side effects over humans , The cost of geneticaly modifies foods is more than that of the money spend of normal regular crops. The potential benefits include this could increase the nutritient content in foods, grow more food using less pesticides, enable farmers to till fields less often this reduce carbon emmission too, also help reduce water pollution, protect land, improve air quality etc. These potential benefits could outweigh the potential cost arising out of it.

3. Right to be forgotten is the ability of individuals to delete, limit, de link , or correct the disclosure of personal information provided on the internet , on those informations that are negative, misleading, outdated, embarrassing or irrelevent in which such a disclosure may or may not the consequence of unlawful processing by the data fiduciary. The implication of right to be forgotten on government is that information provided on the common platform is good source of information , the past records, history or even criminal past of certain important people are available but this right restricts from availing or accessing those informations . For business and individuals this right enables to correct their information or even to erase any past negative records. This could help to erase past records and create a positive outlook too.

4. The motivations of cybercrimes enemity, entertainment , create a negative image for a company or individual, for political gains or action, or for money. In most cases the money is the major factor that motivates cybercriminals. Some cybercriminals find it as a means of entertainment or pleasure, they use it as aplatform to use thier hacking ability but in a wrong way. Enemity or revenge on firm or individual can also lead to committing cyber crimes such as an employee who was ousted from a company committing cyber crimer out of anger or revenge . For business, individuals and government , cyber crimes act a major threat, it could distroy, damage or create a negative impact on the economic growth, development, reputation etc. Reduces loyalty of customers, loss of money or data, diminishes the goodwill as well as act in favour of competitors are the major implication of cyber crimes over business. Cyber crimes results in feeling of insecurity among the society and the implications arising out of it is a major challenge for the government.

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