Question

 2. A 19-year-old male develops a spontaneous pneumothorax, What effect will this condition have on his ventilation and perfusion status and why?

 3. An ICU patient has been intubated for several days. The patient is being gradually weaned from the ventilator. Suddenly, the patient's 02 saturation decreases. The patient has adequate oxygenation due to the mechanical ventilation. State a possible cause and how it occurred.

 4. In your own words, explain inspiration, expiration, ventilation, perfusion, hypoxia, and hypoxemia.

 5. In your own words, explain the physiology behind inhalation and exhalation.

Answer 1

1) pneumothorax can be defined as the presence of air or gas in the pleural space that may furthure prohibit the function of complete lung expansion.

A pneumothorax may either be either closed or open or may be spontaneous or traumatic pneumothorax.

Pneumothorax may result in collapsed lung either by blunt of forced trauma to the chest wall or by the formation of a open sucking chest wound.

The Intrapleural pressure becomes greater than the present lung tissue pressure resulting in the presence of compression of lungs henc3 may cause changes in ventilation and perfusion.

2) inhalation is considered as a very important process which results in entry of air into the lungs.

2) exhalation can be defined as the expiration of air from the lungs to the external environment this takes place from an area of higher pressure to the area of lower pressure.

3) ventilation- it is the inhalation and exhalation of air and mainly includes the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of air.

4) perfusion- perfusion is defined as the transport of blood to all the parts of the body and organs and may help state the rate at which the organs are perfused.

5) hypoxia- hypoxia may be defined as the lack of oxygen supply to the body or organ it may be either local hypoxia or generalized.

6) hypoxemia is the lack of oxygen in the blood and may be caused by asthma, copd etc.

7) inhalation is the intake from air from a air of lower concentration that is the atmosphere to an air of higher concentration that is alveoli hence in order to maintain this pressure the lungs expand to lower the alveoli pressure.

This is achieved by boyle's law which states that there is inverse relationship between volume and pressure.

Difference in pressure that may be caused by changes in lung volume may help in inhalatikn

As the volume of lung increases the pressure falls called the alveolar pressure from 760 to 758 mjhe.

Hence inhalation takes place.

Exhalation-

Breathing out of air is called exhalation.

It may occur as a result if recoil due to excessive pressure

It may occur due to recoil of elastic fibers which expand during inspiration.

It occurs as Inspiratory muscle relax.

As the external Intercoastal muscle relaxers there is fall in lung volume which results in rise of alveolar pressure, hence alveolar pressure increases to 762 mjhe. Hence exhalation occurs.