1) Please define the term closed circulatory system. Which
animals have it, and what are its’ evolutionary advantages over
open systems (why might a closed system be more efficient)?
(10 points)
2) Describe all the events (steps) that occur during a cardiac
cycle for mammals (organisms with a
double circulation), as well as the opening and
closing of all heart valves, and the signals arising from the SA
and AV nodes. How does this cycle contribute to metabolic
homeostasis for...