Question

In: Physics

I am learning sailing on a 5m catamaran (Nacra 5). I am familiar with basic aerodynamics...

I am learning sailing on a 5m catamaran (Nacra 5). I am familiar with basic aerodynamics and the physics of the sail and keel.

We learned that when sailing closed hauled, too tight a mainsail tends to bring the boat up to the wind. And that the opposite is true for the jib. For example, one may steer up to the wind to come about, using the mainsail alone, by trimming it tight.

My question is why the trimmed mainsail in the above setup gives a larger torque.

This also seems opposed to the rule: "The more the mainsail is sheeted out the more the boat tends to come up.", as explained in http://www.sailtheory.com/mandf.html#sailsteering

Edit:

To my understanding, there are several possible competing effects involved:

(1) Effects that tend to INCREASE the mainsail torque to head up:

(1A) The direction of the sail force becomes more perpendicular to the boat. This increases the heeling torque. Since heeling motion happens faster than turning, the boat will heel more. This moves the sail force out, which increases the lever arm and the torque to head up. see diagram in: http://www.sailtheory.com/mandf.html#hellingstuur

(1B) The sail force moves backwards since the sail is stretched backwards. This increases the lever arm and the torque.

(2) Effects that tend to DECREASE the mainsail torque to head up:

(2A) The direction of the sail force becomes more perpendicular to the boat. Assuming that the force is perpendicular to the sail, and that the center of rotation is between the mast and the center of force, one sees that pulling the sail in, reduces the torque to head up, as can be seen in the following diagram:

diagram of the sail force torque

As Theta gets smaller, the torque Tau is reduced. This is opposed to what is stated in some of the answers below.

(2B) The sail force is reduced since the sail was pulled beyond its optimal angle of attack, thus losing lift and reducing torque.

(2C) Due to (2B) heeling torque is also decreased. With a similar reasoning to (1A) this decreases the lever arm and torque.

(2D) The sail force moves forward since the aft part of the sail is too flat and stalls. This shortens the lever arm and reduces torque. This is described in http://www.sailtheory.com/mandf.html#sailsteering

We know from reality that 1A+1B > 2A+2B+2C+2D. Considering heeling alone, we also know that 1A > 2C. It remains to be explained why in general this is the case.

Solutions

Expert Solution

A lot of what I begin with here will already be known by the asker, but just to give some background for my answer...

The action of the wind on the sails can be decomposed into two components: One which acts to move the boat forwards, and another which acts to push it sideways. The sideways force is countered by the keel/centerboard/daggerboard, which leaves the forward force to propel the boat. For this discussion I'll ignore the resulting torque which acts to heel the boat over.

The force of the water on the keel can be treated as if it acts laterally at one position along the length of the boat, and likewise for the lateral forces from each sail. These lateral forces each produce a torque that would tend to turn the boat, and they are not, in general, going to balance each other. Once the sails are trimmed for a given angle of attack to the wind, this residual torque is countered by the rudder. In this way the boat reaches a steady state where all torques are in equilibrium and it is propelled in the desired direction.

If the sail trim is then adjusted, the force from that sail will change in both magnitude and direction, both of which will alter the lateral component of force from that sail. The overall force from a sail is presumably in a direction close to (but I'd guess not exactly) perpendicular to the sail surface. Therefore, when the sail is pulled in close, more of its force is directed laterally. With all other trim being held constant, this change in torque would begin to turn the boat.

If the excess force is acting at the rear of the boat (i.e. the mainsail is pulled in), then the rear of the boat would be pushed upwind, which would obviously mean that the boat is turning in to the wind. Similarly, if the jib is pulled in, the extra lateral force would push the bow away from the wind.

As other answers have said, this likely violates your rule: "The more the mainsail is sheeted out the more the boat tends to come up." because that rule is given in the context of a different rig. In a single-sail rig, for example, the center of lateral force from the mainsail may be well forward of the center of lateral force from the centerboard, while on your catamaran, the daggerboard appears to be even with the mast, which would put the center of lateral force from the mainsail well behind the daggerboard.

A good illustration of this effect is the Yawl rig. The small mizzen doesn't provide much propulsion, but it's position at the extreme read of the boat allows it to provide fine adjustment of the torque on the boat. This is what allows the yawl to be trimmed to sail without a hand on the tiller.


Related Solutions

Syntax error in C. I am not familiar with C at all and I keep getting...
Syntax error in C. I am not familiar with C at all and I keep getting this one error "c error expected identifier or '(' before } token" Please show me where I made the error. The error is said to be on the very last line, so the very last bracket #include #include #include #include   int main(int argc, char*_argv[]) {     int input;     if (argc < 2)     {         input = promptUserInput();     }     else     {         input = (int)strtol(_argv[1],NULL, 10);     }     printResult(input);...
I just need 3 and 5. I am not sure what I am doing wrong. I...
I just need 3 and 5. I am not sure what I am doing wrong. I get different numbers every time. Superior Markets, Inc., operates three stores in a large metropolitan area. A segmented absorption costing income statement for the company for the last quarter is given below: Superior Markets, Inc. Income Statement For the Quarter Ended September 30 Total North Store South Store East Store Sales $ 4,800,000 $ 960,000 $ 1,920,000 $ 1,920,000 Cost of goods sold 2,640,000...
I am learning Matlab. I have a math formula such as A(x , y)= (x+1) /...
I am learning Matlab. I have a math formula such as A(x , y)= (x+1) / (y+1), and n=6 How can I write down the for loop in Matlab to express 1 <= x and y < = n? Thanks
Hello! I am learning abaqus currently, but I do not know what the Analytic field is!...
Hello! I am learning abaqus currently, but I do not know what the Analytic field is! Can you tell me what is it? And how to use it with some examples! Thank in advance! I will thumb you up!
I am sure you are familiar with online auction and sales sites like Ebay or Etsy....
I am sure you are familiar with online auction and sales sites like Ebay or Etsy. How do they address the adverse selection problems?
I am learning about Options, futures and hedges in my upper division finance class and I...
I am learning about Options, futures and hedges in my upper division finance class and I am struggling to figure out a part of options. What stops someone from from buying a call option at a lower price and turning it around and selling it at at higher price for profit? what I mean by this is for example, the current price of a stock is $100/share and you enter a call option contract on 1/1/18 with a strike price...
I am writing this machine learning code (classification) to clssify between two classes. I started by...
I am writing this machine learning code (classification) to clssify between two classes. I started by having one feature to capture for all my images. for example: class A=[(4295046.0, 1), (4998220.0, 1), (4565017.0, 1), (4078291.0, 1), (4350411.0, 1), (4434050.0, 1), (4201831.0, 1), (4203570.0, 1), (4197025.0, 1), (4110781.0, 1), (4080568.0, 1), (4276499.0, 1), (4363551.0, 1), (4241573.0, 1), (4455070.0, 1), (5682823.0, 1), (5572122.0, 1), (5382890.0, 1), (5217487.0, 1), (4714908.0, 1), (4697137.0, 1), (4737784.0, 1), (4648881.0, 1), (4591211.0, 1), (4750706.0, 1), (5067788.0, 1),...
Hi, I would like to test a java program. I am learning linked list and going...
Hi, I would like to test a java program. I am learning linked list and going to make a linked lists for integer nodes. For instance, I am going to add the numbers 12, 13, and 16 to the list and then display the list contents and add 15 to the list again and display the list contents and delete 13 from the list and display the list contents and lastly delete 12 from the list and display the list...
I am trying to do a research on "Free and quality basic education for economic development...
I am trying to do a research on "Free and quality basic education for economic development in Ghana" I just need the theory underpinning this research, and what are predictive variables or the data set to use for the study. Also, if you have manuals/case study for developing countries on this research put the links, espeially credible institutions like UNESCO, OECD, World Bank, IMF, UNICEF, etc
I am trying to create a basic shell program in C that runs 10 commands and...
I am trying to create a basic shell program in C that runs 10 commands and then quits. Only one word commands are required, like: cal, date, ls, ps, pwd, who, quit The part I am struggling with is passing the scanned command into my array in the child process to be executed using execvp(). Here is my code: #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<unistd.h> #include<sys/types.h> #include<sys/wait.h> #include<readline/readline.h> #include<readline/history.h> #define MAX_CMD_NUMBER 10 int main() {    int i;    char...
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT