Question

Give explanations of all these given topic with example for each: Trade restrictions, Currencies, customs, VAT, Local wars and insecurity of traveling, (Negative) attitude toward FDI, Local political and economical instability, Nationalization of ownership, Expropriation, Profit transfer restrictions, Safety of expatriates, epidemics, Intellectual property rights problems.

Answer 1

Trade restrictions

Trade restriction is an artificial barrier on the trade of goods or services between two or more countries. The trade restrictions are set my government of every country to protect domestic producers from foreign competition

Tariffs - Exise taxed levied by the government on imported and some exported goods. The tax is the percentage of the total cost of product inclusive of freights and insurance. For example certain percentage levied on an imported steel. It may be the percentage fixed byt he government for that category of product.

Import Quotas - Import quotas are the maximum number amounts of imports allowed in certain period of time. For Example Country A may limit the the number of Country B's bike imports to 1 million for year. This is to help the dometic produce.

Non-tariff barriers - Restrictions that result from conditions or specific market requirements that make import or export of products difficult and/or costly. For example Impor bans, unreasonable product standards, over valued currency etc

Voluntary export restrictions -  agreements by foreign companies to voluntarily limit their exports to a particular country.

Currencies

Currency is a kind of money and a medium of exchange. A currency is used in the form of paper or coins. It is a medium through which goods are sold and purchased. It is a common use especially for the people of nation. The examples of currencies are US Dollar, Japenese Yen, Indian Rupee, Pound Sterling etc. These are few of the recognized currencies which are used to trade in between countries.

Customs

Customs is part of government authority incharge for control the flow of goods, including animals, transports etc in and out of a country. The movement of people are monitered by migration authorities. Traditionally customs are considered to be charges and custom duties as taxes on imports and exports

VAT

Value Added tax is an indirect tax levied at the time of consumption of goods and services. It is charged when the value is been added in various stages of product from raw material to production to finishing of final product. VAT is an important part of a Country's GDP.

Nationalization of ownership

Nationalization is transferring one's private assets for the use of government

Expropriation

Expropriation is a kind of compulsary purchase or acqusition or taking property by the government from its owner for the use of public. Example can be government acquires a  private neighborhood as part of its plan to expand a railroad line

Safety of expatriates

Expatriate is a person who lives in different country from his native. The Expat workers must be given accomadation and food services by the company they work for. they should be covered under health insurances. There must be regulations for their safty from unpredicted crimes against them by the locals of the country they live in.

Epidemics

Epidemics is a spread of disease rapidly to a large number of population whitin a short span of time. Epidemic can be spread of infectious disease which is contagious. Influenza, Plague, SARS etc are examples of epidemic diseases.

Intellectual property rights problems

Intellectual property rights are patents, copyright, trademarks, geographical indications etc. It is the right given to a person who has used his idea or creativity to certain kind of a product or services. The intellectual property right is given to avoid any other person copying tis person's idea. The insufficient rules and regulations, lack of awareness among the masses about the copyrighting, lack of effective control over the duplication are few issues.