Question

Paper is a about an ethical dilemma clinical scenario between a son and daughter of a patient that disagree about end of life decisions.

1. Identify Options
   • What are all the options?
   • How do the alternatives fit the lifestyle and values of the person(s) affected?
   • What are the legal considerations of the various options?
   • What alternatives are unacceptable to those involved?
   • How are alternatives weighed, ranked, and prioritized?

Answer 1

OPTIONS

1. Decision-making at the end of life and discussing specific interventions. ❑ If the patient's wishes are not known or cannot be predicted, decisions can be. made according to what substitute decision-makers and the health care team feel to be in the patient's best interests.

2. Understanding the options, and a person's desires, can give you guidance

• Determine the best course to take.
• Make sure every decision is clear.
• Issues you may face.
• Talking about end-of-life wishes.
• Advance directives and other documents.

The alternatives fit the lifestyle and values of the person(s) affected

End-of-life (EOL) decisions in families are complex and emotional sites of family interaction necessitating family members coordinate roles in the EOL decision-making process. Understanding the enactment of the decision-making role in family interactions about EOL decisions provides insight into how family members coordinate EOL interaction together and either support or undermine the performance of the decision-maker role.

• They need to get engaged in any activities to avoid their lonliness
• Should try to go back to their life style which what the were following earlier.
• Do not try to think that the EOL decition taken was wrong, because it would be the best they can do to them to stop thier suffering.

Legal considerations of the various options

Most states have laws supporting the right of adult patients to refuse care and to provide directives about end-of-life (EOL) care when the patient can no longer make decisions for himself or herself. In addition, the United States Supreme Court has recognized that the due process clause of the Constitution gives competent adults an interest in refusing unwanted medical treatment (Cruzan by Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 497 U.S. 261 [1990]). When an adult patient is not competent (the patient is unable to make his or her wishes known) or when the patient is a minor (under 18 unless married or emancipated), additional legal requirements apply, related to who may make informed consent and EOL decisions on behalf of the patient.

Alternatives are unacceptable to those involved

The ethical principles include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and fidelity. Physicians should encourage dialogue about end-of- life care and use of advance directives so that autonomy can be preserved even if patient's decision- making capacity is lost.

Alternatives weighed, ranked, and prioritized

Assign a relative weight to each criterion, based on how important that criterion is to the situation. This can be done in two ways: By distributing 10 points among the criteria, based on team discussion and consensus. By each member assigning weights, then the numbers for each criterion for a composite team weighting.

How to create a weighted decision matrix

1. List different choices. Start by listing all the decision choices as rows. ...
2. Determine influencing criteria. ...
3. Rate your criteria. ...
4. Rate each choice for each criteria. ...
5. Calculate the weighted scores. ...
6. Calculate the total scores. ...
7. Make your decision.

If it really all comes down to making good decisions, let's take a look at six simple steps for better decision-making.

1. Start with the desired outcome. Start with squad goals. ...
2. Rely on data and insights to spot patterns. W. ...
3. Use S.W.O.T. analysis. ...
4. Simulate the outcomes. ...
5. Trust your instincts. ...
6. Identify your cognitive biases.

While there are dozens of decision-making techniques at your disposal, the more common ones includes market research, cost-benefit analysis, SWOT analysis and feasibility studies.