Question

Part 2

a. Distinguish between nonsynovial and synovial joints.

b. Discuss Ortolani maneuver.

c. Discuss the functional assessment of an older adult.

d. Compare and contrast Bouchard and Heberden nodes.

e. Discuss the major functions of the components of the central nervous system.

f. Discuss the components and the ratings for the Glasgow Coma Scale.

g. What is included in the neurologic exam?

please include references and citatation. Thank you

Answer 1

a).

• Synovial joints:
  • Also called diarthroses
  • Contain joint space between ends of bones formed by endochondral ossification
  • Joints covered by hyaline cartilage, strengthened by dense fibrous capsule continuous with periosteum of bones and an inner synovial membrane
  • Joint is reinforced by ligaments and muscles
  • Presence of joint space allows wide range of motion and maintains stability during use
• Nonsynovial joints:
  • Also called solid joint or synarthrosis
  • No joint space present
  • Provides structural integrity and minimal movement
  • May be fibrous / synarthrosis (cranial sutures, bonds between roots of teeth and jaw bones) or cartilaginous / amphiarthrosis (manubriosternalis and pubic)

reference:sportsmedicalfinal

b).The Ortolani maneuver identifies a dislocated hip that can be reduced. The infant is positioned in the same manner as for the Barlow maneuver, in a supine position with the hip flexed to 90º. From an adducted position, the hip is gently abducted while lifting or pushing the femoral trochanter anteriorly.

reference: medcomic

c). A functional assessment is a multidimensional and often interdisciplinary diagnostic process, which assesses and quantifies an older adult’s medical, psychosocial and functional status. Information gathered in this process is used by practitioners, the patient, and family to develop a comprehensive plan for therapy and future care decisions and can also help in the process of long-term care decision-making.

reference: pogoe

d).A Heberden node describes a bony swelling of the distal interphalangeal finger joint. It is a sign of osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease.A Bouchard node is a similar swelling affecting the proximal interphalangeal finger joint .

Heberden and Bouchard nodes are equally common in males and females of all races.

• They are common in older individuals. However, more than half of the patients with Heberden nodes and osteoarthritis are diagnosed before the age of 65 years [2].
• Bouchard nodes are less common than Heberden nodes and are associated with more severe arthritis.
• The presence of the nodes is strongly familial [1].
• More than 60% of patients with osteoarthritis of the knees have Heberden nodes [3].

A Heberden or Bouchard node is due to an exostosis — a bony enlargement — and a sign of osteoarthritis. The cause of osteoarthritis is not fully understood. There is a genetic predisposition to the development of nodes [1].

Osteoarthritis is considered a sign of 'wear and tear' in a joint. The earliest structural abnormalities in osteoarthritis are evident in the ligaments supporting the joints [4]. The cartilage of the joints breaks down, osteophytes (bone spurs) develop, and the ends of the bones rub against each other.

Inflammation in the nodes is due to friction-induced capsular rupture and synovial leakage [1].

reference:Dermnert Nz

According to the guidelines we are only supposed to answer the first 4 questions.