1. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), a non-profit group affiliated with the US National...

1. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), a non-profit group affiliated with the US National Academy of Sciences, reviewed a study measuring bone quality and levels of vitamin-D in a random sample from bodies of 675 people who died in good health. 8.5% of the 82 bodies with low vitamin-D levels (below 50 nmol/L) had weak bones. Comparatively, 1% of the 593 bodies with regular vitamin-D levels had weak bones.

Medical researchers are conducting a double-blind experiment treating high blood pressure patients with a new vitamin supplement. The researchers are conducting a hypothesis test in which a Type I error is very serious, and the Type II error is not very serious. Which level of significance is the best choice?

A. ? = 0.01

B. ? = 0.05

C. ? = 0.10

2. In 2013, psychology researchers conducted an experiment featuring 40 undergraduate college students, each of whom took a 20-question general-knowledge test on a computer. Participants were given four possible answers and instructed to pick the correct one. Before doing so, half the students were told that just before each question was asked, the correct answer was momentarily flashed onto the screen. They were informed that this happened too quickly for them to process the information consciously, but assured that it would register in their brains. This was the placebo treatment. In the control treatment participants were not told this.

The researchers write that: “Participants in the placebo condition who believed they had been exposed to the correct answers subliminally scored higher than participants in the control condition.”

The researchers conducted a hypothesis test to determine if the proportion of correct answers is significantly different for participants in the placebo condition and participants in the control condition (placebo proportion minus control proportion). The P-value is 0.02. What can the researchers conclude?

A.Researchers reject the null hypothesis. The proportion of correct answers for participants in the placebo condition is no different than the proportion of correct answers for participants in the control group.

B.Researchers reject the null hypothesis. The proportion of correct answers is significantly different for the placebo condition and the control group.

C.Researchers reject the null hypothesis. The proportion of correct answers for participants in the placebo condition is significantly higher than the proportion of correct answers for participants in the control group.

D.Researchers fail to reject the null hypothesis. The proportion of correct answers is different, but not significantly different.

Expert Solution

orchestra answered 2 years ago

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