Question

I need these set of paragraphs paraphrased for each article stated above each paragraph. you can do extra research with each article if you want to add anything to the paragraphs please feel free to do so

1) M. Inhat, Cyanide Residue Levels In Extracted Honey, Comb Honey, And Wax Cappings, November 21, 2008

This article explains the effects of pesticides to the honey bee population. Inhat explains that Cyanide residue levels had been determined in samples of extracted honey, comb honey and changed into cappings at 1 hr, 24 hr, and forty eight hr intervals after destroying the bees in honey bee colonies with regular (ca. eight.5 g) and twice ordinary (ca. 17 g) doses of CyanogasR A-dirt. applications of CyanogasR A-dirt, administered by a dirt pump at ordinary and two times normal doses, gave a median residue of zero.01 and 0.04 microgram CN/g of extracted honey, 0.01 and 0.02 microgram CN/g of comb honey and zero.04 and 0.06 microgram CN/g of wax cappings, respectively. whilst the CyanogasR A-dirt (ca. 17 g) become placed on a tray and located on the bottom board of the hive, the average residue degrees for extracted honey, comb honey and wax cappings were lessthan 0.004, zero.01 and zero.02 microgram CN/g, respectively. Random honey samples from beekeepers, who used CyanogasR to ruin bees, had an average stage of zero.031 microgram CN/g, while honey from a packing plant and other business samples contained much less than 0.004--0.026, median less than zero.004 microgram CN/g. based on residue records from this examine, the brief registration for this pesticide, to kill honey bees after crop removal.

2) American Bee Journal, www.scientificbeekeeping.com, Colony Collapse Revisited- Beekeeping Economics, December 2013

The article is very interesting because the American Bee Journal explains that The fact is that colonies die for many reasons, publicity to pollutants being one in all them. The question is to what degree pesticides contribute to our current rate of wintry weather losses. let’s start with the aid of putting pesticide publicity into attitude, following the truism that “all beekeeping is nearby.” Any effect of pesticides upon bee fitness would be expected to be correlated with the degree of actual exposure. Bees positioned in agricultural settings are generally exposed to dozens of pesticides, frequently at high tiers. i used to be curious as to the degree of exposure for U.S. bees, in comparison to that of bees in different nations. lamentably, there’s not a great deal real pesticide residue statistics from other than a few countries. but the FAO does hold data on the entire amount of insecticides carried out in line with hectare of cropland at some point of the arena, which I’ve plotted out underneath

3) Keith S. Delaplane, Honey Bee Colonies Headed By Hyperpolyandrous Queens Have Improved Brood Rearing Efficiency And Lower Infestation Rates Of Parasitic Varroa Mites, December 21 2015

A honey bee queen pals on wing with a median of 12 men and stores their sperm to supply progeny of blended paternity. The degree of a queen’s polyandry is undoubtedly associated with measures of her colony’s fitness, and found distributions of mating variety are evolutionary optima balancing risks of mating flights towards blessings to the colony. effective mating numbers as excessive as forty were documented, begging the query of the higher bounds of this behavior that can beexpected to confer colony advantage. in this look at we used instrumental insemination to create 3instructions of queens with exaggerated range of polyandry– 15, 30, or 60 drones. Colonies headed via queens inseminated with 30 or 60 drones produced extra brood per bee and had a lowerproportion of samples wonderful for Varroa destructor mites than colonies whose queens have been inseminated with 15 drones, suggesting advantages of polyandry at prices higher than the ones normally acquiring in nature. Our results are constant with two hypotheses that posit situations that reward such high expressions of polyandry: (1) a queen may additionally mate with many men as a way to promote beneficial non-additive genetic interactions among subfamilies, and (2) a queen may additionally mate with many men so that it will capture a large number of uncommon alleles that adjust resistance to pathogens and parasites in a breeding populace. Our outcomes are specific for identifying the highest tiers of polyandry but detected that confer colony-stage benefit and for displaying a advantage of polyandry specially towards the parasitic mite V. destructor.

4) Christian W.W. Pirk, Egg Viability And Worker Policing In Honey Bees, May 28 2004

in many species of social Hymenoptera, unmated employees can lay eggs on the way to produce menby parthenogenesis. despite the fact that, in queenright honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera), employeereplica is low. One viable mechanism for this distinction is worker policing, the removal of worker-laid eggs by using other employees. This behavior can evolve in species wherein queens are multiply mated, in which people are more closely associated with the sons of their mother than those of theirsisters. some other possible mechanism of the low stage of employee replica is worker-laid eggs being less feasible than queen-laid eggs. We show that this distinction in nice is the case for honey bees.

Answer 1

1) M. Inhat, Cyanide Residue Levels In Extracted Honey, Comb Honey, And Wax Cappings, November 21, 2008

The published article by Ihnat M and Nelson DL., 1979 measured the cyanide (CN) residue levels in extracted honey, comb honey and wax cappings at different time (1 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr) by fumigating the honey bees colonies with normal (ca. 8.5 g) and double (ca. 17 g) doses of CyanogasR A-dust. Fumigation with dust pump at normal and double doses of CyanogasR A-dust in extracted honey, comb honey and wax cappings were found median residue of 0.01 and 0.04 microgram CN/g, 0.01 and 0.02 microgram CN/g and 0.04 and 0.06 microgram CN/g, respectively. The CyanogasR A-dust (ca. 17 g) was placed on a tray and kept under the bottom of the hive and the median residue levels were found to be less than 0.004, 0.01 and 0.02 microgram CN/g in extracted honey, comb honey and wax cappings, respectively. Fumigation with CyanogasR A-dust in random honey samples from beekeepers was found to be median level of 0.031 microgram CN/g, whereas honey samples from packing plant and other commercial plant contained less than 0.004-0.026 and median less than 0.004 microgram CN/g, respectively. Based on the data from the present study, the full registration for CyanogasR to fumigate the honey bees after crop removal was revised in May 1977.

2) American Bee Journal, www.scientificbeekeeping.com, Colony Collapse Revisited- Beekeeping Economics, December 2013.

The article cited in the American Bee Journal described the effect of pesticides which is one reason for honey bee’s death. The question arises, in what degree the pesticide contributes to the current rate of losses in the winter season. Let’s start with the support of putting pesticide publicity into position, following the truism that “all beekeeping is from native place.” The bee fitness would be expected by correlating the degree of exposure of pesticides. Bees from agricultural settings are usually exposed frequently to different types of pesticides at high levels. I was curious as the degree of exposure in US bees in comparison with other countries bees. Unfortunately, there are few pesticide data available in few countries. In the bar diagram below, FAO described the data of total amount of pesticide sprayed per hectare of crop land in different countries.

3) Keith S. Delaplane, Honey Bee Colonies Headed By Hyperpolyandrous Queens Have Improved Brood Rearing Efficiency And Lower Infestation Rates Of Parasitic Varroa Mites, December 21 2015.

A honey bee queen stores their sperm on wing and mate with 12 males and to produce progeny of diverse paternity. The degree of a queen’s polyandry is certainly associated with measures of her colony’s fitness, and observed distributions of mating number are evolutionary optima balancing risks of mating flights against benefits to the colony. Effective mating numbers as high as 40 have been documented, begging the question of the upper bounds of this behaviour that can be expected to confer colony benefit. In this study the author used instrumental insemination to create three different classes of queens with exaggerated range of polyandry– 15, 30, or 60 drones. Colonies headed by queens inseminated with 30 or 60 drones produced more brood per bee and had a lower proportion of samples positive for Varroa destructor mites than colonies whose queens were inseminated with 15 drones, suggesting benefits of polyandry at rates higher than those normally obtaining in nature. Our results are consistent with two hypotheses that posit conditions that reward such high expressions of polyandry: (1) a queen may mate with many males to promote beneficial non-additive genetic interactions among subfamilies, and (2) a queen may mate with many males to capture many rare alleles that regulate resistance to pathogens and parasites in a breeding population. Our results are unique for identifying the highest levels of polyandry yet detected that confer colony-level benefit and for showing a benefit of polyandry toward the parasitic mite V. destructor.

4) Christian W.W. Pirk, Egg Viability And Worker Policing In Honey Bees, May 28 2004.

In many species of social Hymenoptera, unmated workers can lay their eggs that will produce males by parthenogenesis. However, in queenright honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera), worker reproduction is low. One possible mechanism can explain for this difference is worker policing, the removal of worker-laid eggs by different other workers. This behaviour can develop in species in which queens are multiply mated, where bees workers are more closely related to the sons of their mother than those of their sisters. Another possible mechanism of the low level of worker reproduction is worker-laid eggs being less practicable than queen-laid eggs. We show that this difference in value is the case for honey bees.