Question

What would be the most cost-effective measures to take to prevent transmission of the HIV virus and to reduce the effects of in-born air pollution in sub-Saharan Africa, and how would they differ from those that should be taken in South Asia?

Answer 1

Sub Saharan Africa , is the place which carries the highest HIV disease globally. It is a place where there are many low and middle-income settings, so it is important to understand how interventions cost effectively fit within guidelines and implementation plans. Approximately 70% of all people living in sub Saharan Africa are infected with HIV. That decrease in the number reflects the accomplishment of a global effort in this region . To improve the efficiency of programming for HIV prevention, optimising limited financial resources is crucial to scale up high quality cost effective interventions to maximise HIV prevention.

New prevention methods such as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis has been heralded for their remarkable clinical results in the reduction of HIV transmission in addition to evidence-based prevention tools such as voluntary medical male circumcision and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. It is important for policy and decision makers to identify where and how costly e interventions fit within regional and national HIV implementations plans and budgets particularly in resource Limited countries .

Cost effectiveness analysis: easy comparison of two or more alternatives in terms of their cost and effectiveness through a CE ratio the difference in cost over the difference in effectiveness.

Behaviour change interventions:

The aim of behaviour change interventions is to reduce the risk of HIV infection through modification of sexual and addiction related behaviour ,voluntary counselling and testing is a package to decrease HIV transmission mainly in sub-saharan Africa . The voluntary counselling and testing was found to be less expensive than previously reported elsewhere in Africa primarily because the cost per client for post test counselling was lower in clinics then in any other facilities because of the high number of people being tested and the use of a lay counselor.

school-based interventions is also one of the cost effective interventions. The target population was school age youth from the age 10 to 18 years old, sessions were provided during regular lessons to all students with the aim of promoting prevention of HIV, teacher training costs were included.

Biomedical interventions :

Biomedical interventions harness technology to prevent HIV or AIDS that comprise chemical and physical strategies targeting biological and physiological processes that are responsible for HIV acquisition and transmission. These include interventions already in widespread use as well as one’s recently introduced and under development like male and female condoms, blood screening, microbicides, male circumcision ,vaccines and vaccination against viral infections such as the human hepatitis A and B.

Antiretroviral treatment and prevention of mother-to-child transmission could be delivered anyway that also so scared up prevention efforts mainly e through increased condom use the cost per life saved dropped about dollars 10 to 30 male circumcision is a one time procedure with lifelong protective benefits and thus potentially highly cost effective .using of second generation female condom show the usefulness of analysing the synergies between current unit cost and current cost effective versus volume discounts or global purchasing arrangements and future cost effective.

Cost effective studies of HIV prevention interventions in Africa classified by a type of intervention called behavioural, biomedical or structural . the faker shows that most of the studies of HIV prevention cost effective for America are of Biomedical interventions some variability e is observed but generally the interventions are highly cost-effective mostly fall below a threshold of dollar hundred similarly the great majority of interventions cost less than 35% of one per capita GDP and only E1 cost more than 65% of 1 per capita GDP health interventions are deemed highly cost-effective if they are below a threshold of 1 per capita GDP.