Question

Select any 3 questions of your choice from the 13 questions below, and respond to each of your selected 3 questions, providing as much detail and information as you are able. You will likely need to refer to your nutrition textbook or the Internet to fully answer the questions

1. What is the purpose of the DETERMINE checklist?

2. How do the abilities to taste and smell change as a person ages? How can these changes affect diet?

3. What gastrointestinal changes commonly accompany aging in the elderly? How do these changes affect nutritional health?

4. In general, how does body composition and weight change as men and women age past 30?

5. How does the occurrence of menopause affect a woman’s risk of heart disease and breast cancer?

6. How do energy and macronutrient needs change as people age past 50?

7. How does the need for water change as a person ages? Why does staying hydrated present more of a challenge for the elderly?

8. Deficiencies of which vitamins and minerals increase in older people?

9. Sean and Pat are both in their 80s and live on a limited income in a medium sized city. They usually eat at home and have almost the same diet every day of the week. They are finding that shopping and preparing three meals a day takes a lot of their energy. Pat especially has lost interest in cooking and sometimes only has tea and toast for dinner. Because neither Sean nor Pat drives, shopping means a bus trip to the store and back, along with walking several blocks.

A) What type of assistance programs could Sean and Pat take advantage of to help them get adequate nutrition while relieving them of some of the shopping, cooking and cleaning chores? B) What steps would you take to assess the diet of an elderly person like Sean or Pat? What dietary standards would be most useful?
C) How do the nutritional needs of an older couple like Sean or Pat differ from those of middle- aged people?

10. Discuss why aging is considered to be a continuous process.

11. Although people are living longer, why is it important that natural and social scientists improve their quality of life in their later years?

12. Explain why older adults have differing nutritional needs due to physiological changes as well as disease and prescription drug use. How can good exercise and dietary habits prevent deterioration due to aging?

13. Why do the changes in body composition seen during aging affect energy needs?

Answer 1

2.Ability o taste and smell will change as the person ages. These are two Interdependent senses that helps to enjoy food. There are some factors that affect our taste and smell senses are:-

* infections.

*allergies.

*nasal polyps.

*some medications

*radiation, chemotherapy, or other cancer treatments.

*dysfunction of taste buds.

*less saliva production.

*dry mouth.

*poor oral hygiene.

*tooth decay.

*poor nutrition.

*heavy smoking etc.

Loss of taste and smell have a serious impact on quality of life. It will lead to decreased appetite and poor nutrition. Some times it will make to use more salt and sugar in our food which may increase our blood pressure and diabetes. Some time loss of senses will cause depression. Some problems are treatable and we must seek medical attention. For these reasons the intake will be reduced and may lead to another health issues.

3.Changes that accompany with aging are:-   

- alteration in taste and smell.

- decreased gastric motility.

- altered gastrointestinal hormone release.

- alteration in swallowing lead to aspirations.

- changes in gastric emptying lead to postprandial hypotension.

- changes in gastrointestinal function lead to constipation and fecal incontinence.

- weakened colonic muscles lead to diverticulum.

- malabsorption of iron and calcium lead to achlorhydria.

- malabsorption of vitamin D lead to hypovitaminosis D.

- changes in probiotics lead to diarrhoea and altered immune system.

- aging affect the liver and cause delayed drug metabolism.

These problems will seriously affect the older persons. These problems will be reduced by taking some tips like load our diet with more fiber, stay hydrated, limit fat content in our diet, avoid over eating, get regular exercises, maintain a healthy body weight etc.

8. The nutrient deficiencies common in older people are :-

* Calcium and Vitamin D:- older people need more calcium and vitamin D for their bone health. For this they have to take more calcium rich and low fat or fat free foods, beverages, and dietary products. Other sources include cereals, fish with soft bones, fortified plant based beverages, etc. Good sourcof vitamin D include fatty fish, fortified foods and beverages. If you are taking supplements for calcium choose one that contains vitamin D.

*Vitamin B 12 - older people may not be able to absorb vitamin B 12. It also know as cobalamine helps to make red blood cells and maintain proper function of nerve cells. People get this vitamin through food such as fish, eggs, milk, poultry, fortified cereals etc. Also they have to take supplements according to physicians order.

*Potassium - limit sdium and get adequate potassium may lower the risk of high blood pressure. Sources of potassium includes fruits, vegetables, beans, low fat or fat free diary products etc.

*Magnesium - play a crucial role in physiological process. Getting adequate magnesium keep our immune system healthy. Many whole food includes vegetables contain magnesium. Some medication like diuretics may reduce magnesium absorption. Include morevegetables, nuts, beans, seeds etc in the diet.

Along with these vitamins and minerals we have to give more attention to include lots of fibre and water in older peoples diet.

  

-