Question

In your own words, explain the dual nature of light and particles, Bohr model, line spectra, and energy levels, and its applications.

Answer 1

Dual nature of light and particles:

• Electromagnetic waves such as light and matter have both wave-like and particle-like properties. This phenomenon is defined as particle-wave duality
• According to de Broglie hypothesis, the momentum of individual photons or particles, is quantified by p = h / λ
• Thus, as per above equation, light and a particle have both momentum (property of a matter) as well as wavelength (property of a wave)===> Dual nature.

Bohr model:

In atomic physics, Bohr model, presented by Niels Bohr, is a system consisting of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons—similar to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces in place of gravity.

Line spectra and energy levels, and its applications:

Line spectra is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.

Energy levels of line spectra: The presence of spectral lines is explained by quantum mechanics in terms of the energy levels of atoms, ions and molecules. For example, Emission lines (emission energy levels) occur when the electrons of an excited atom, element or molecule move between two energy states, returning towards the ground state.

Application: Line spectra & energy levels are often used to identify atoms and molecules i.e. they are used in mass spectroscopy.

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