Question

define each term

Algorithm

Arpanet

Computational agency

Claude Shannon

Common carrier

Cultural jamming

Cybernetics

DDoS

Digital divide

Digital enclosure

ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic, programmable digital computer

Floodnet

Gendered technology

Immediacy / Hypermediacy

IMP

Information bubble

Machine learning

Memex

Net Neutrality

Obama on A.I.

Packet switching

Principles of Electronic Civil Disobedience

Principles of new media

Simulations of femininity

Synopticon – Panopticon

Tactical media (vs. mainstream media)

TCP/IP

The Internet Bill of Rights

The Yes Men

Theseus

Title II (1934 Telecommunications Act)

Vannevar Bush

Viewer Society

Virtual Sit-in

answer the following questions

How did the Internet originate? What role did the government play in the early stages of its development? (Blum, Abbate)

What is the role of net neutrality in the future of the Internet?

How does WWW work?

What is/are materiality of the digital? Discuss how materiality of the digital informs current debates on the Internet. (Brown, Starosielski, Holt & Vonderau)

How do digital media contribute to contemporary forms of surveillance? What are the events that have shaped digital surveillance? (Lyon, Andrejevic)

What are the examples of ‘gendered technologies?’ How do digital technologies fortify conventional gender norms? (Refer to O’Riordan’s article)

Answer 1

ANSWERS : ( DESCRIBE EACH term)

1. ALGORITHM

The algorithm is defined as a step-by-step procedure, of executing the instructions in some order to get the desired output ( finally ). also known as a finite set of well-defined instructions which further executed in a computer system to get output or to solve a problem.

Algorithms are implemented using any of the programmings languages where the machine gets understands

A SMALL EXAMPLE FOR ALGORITHM :

Problem − FIND an algorithm to add two numbers and display the ADDED RESULTS

algorithm :

Steps −
 1.      START
 2 − Declare/ initialize the variables in integers format p, q, s
 3 − SET values for  p and q 
 4 − add values of p and q
 5 − store the output of STEP 4 to a variable named s
 6 − print or display the value in s to screen
 7 − STOP                  ---------- end of the instructions / algorithm

2. ARPANET

know as: Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, ARPANET  discovered in 1966 by the United States ARPA.

It was a Wide Area Network ( WAN ) which links many Universities or colleges, also the first network to use the packet switching methods ( packet switch, later seen in telephone networks ) and this was the beginning of all, as like the big internet that we are using at present( World wide web ).

ARPANET focused on easier for the peoples to access computers, across the network.  and also used in military communications and defensive equipment also

3. Computational agency

The computational agent is an agent whose decisions taken can be explained in terms of computation. which means the decision can be broken down into individual operations which are carried out in physical devices( computer systems ) and appropriate results/action is made by the agent.

--------The agency or agent (“software robot”), is a computer program ( that embedded on the machine) which performs various actions continuously or automatically by taking commands or in front of the individual ( a human ).

example: an agent which retrieves some files from different computers automatically

-------All these are related to the ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE area

4. Claude Shannon

Claude Elwood Shannon - great  American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer also known by his name "father of information theory".

Shannon is famous around the world for his discovery of "information theory, by publishing the paper named  "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", in 1948.

He is well known by founding the digital circuit design theory in 1937, at that time he was a 21-year old masters degree student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in the USA.

Shannon also contributed his works to the field of cryptanalysis for national defence during World War-2, which contains Codebreaking and secure telecommunications.