Question

explain the types of collection systems with diagram and types of vehicles in details.50marks

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Answer 1

The waste collection process contains the way from filling of containers to loading of the collection vehicle. Because of a variety of residential, commercial, and industrial development, it is impossible to collect waste with just one sytem. A variety of collection systems are used that respective municipal requirements to be used accordingly. Each collection method has compatible container systems and vehicles with dedicated loaders.

4.1.1 Collection Methods

4.1.1.1 Simple Emptying Method The Simple Emptying Method is used for the removal of household and small-scale commercial waste with mobile containers which are drained at the consumer. A lot of different standardized containers are used. These containers are emptied by combination top-loaders that can pick up many different container sizes. Some container systems have been modernized to include self-compactors. With this system it is possible to charge 2 to 3 times to container volume.

4.1.1.2 Exchange Method At this method, full containers are exchanged with empty containers at their location. This method is suitable for high sensity waste, e.g. construction debris and sludge, as well as for low density waste from instituitions or large hotels. Because of economy, these containers have minimum capacities of 4 m3 .

4.1.1.3 One-Way Method In the one-way method, waste is picked up in clear plastic or paper bags whose volume is limited to a maximum of 110 L. The bags are picked up by hand, so there are no emptied containers to be returned to the curb and the containers are not cleaned.

Compactors

By the collection of domestic waste, commercial waste similar to domestic waste and bulky waste are closed vehicles with special constructional systems in use. These vehicles have different kinds of compaction appliances. They are loaded with universal or system fills from behind. Vehicle with a rotary drum compactor At vehicles with a rotary drum compactor the waste drops into a drum that is rotating. The drum turns with about 4 rotations per minute. The drum is also equiped with an auger welded on the inside. Rotation direction and auger orientation are arranged in a way, that the waste is moved towards to the forward wall. Because of the the continious forward movement the compaction results in a factor of 2 to 4. There is also a shredding and mixture-effect due to this method. This effekt is desired for incineration, for sorting and recycling the mixture-effect is adverse. Trucks with self contained compactors These vehicles are loaded over a prechamber. The prechamber is emptied by a hydraulic ram and the content is pressed into the transport container. To empty the vehicle, the rear door opened and the front board is moved backward. Thereby the load is pushed out .

The capacity and workload of self contained compactors are all about the same like rotary drum compactor. The maximum factor of compacting is 3 : 1. A mixture and crushing of the waste doesn’t occur.

Extended Transportation Vehicle Different kinds of extended transportation vehicles with variable internal lift- and set-down systems are used. An assortment of different systems is shown

In vehicles with fixed constructional systems the compaction of the waste can be done before loading or with self-contained compactors. Vehicles without heavy self-contained compactors have lower self-weight and thereby higher payload. But it only can be fully utilised when the waste is precompressed. In vehicles with self-contained compactors the waste will be put through an opening from above and compressed by a hydraulic ram

The exchange method used containers with a size from 1,1m3 . Commercial and industrial waste often removed by containers with a size from 5 m3 , either in open-top containers or in containers with self-contained compactors, e.g. packaging material can be compacted to about 1/5 of the original volume. Roller compactors are another method to compact the waste. A heavy roller runs through the container and compacted the waste to about of the original volume. Stationary compactors reaches a higher compression level than self-contained compactors. They are preferred when there is a continuous flow of waste (additional option: shredding the waste). At transfer stations the waste is loaded into enclosed containers with a size up to 40 m3 . After filling the containers were set on long-distance transporters. The containers are then transported to their destination by road, rail or ship

Waste Transport by Rail

The transport by rail mostly happens with compacted waste in compactor containers, rotary drum compactors or open-top rail cars for uncompacted waste

The independent from weather and discharge of the road network is advantageous. If there is no railway siding at transfer stations or disposal facilities, further transfers are necessary wich results in higher transport costs. By planning a new transfer station or waste management plant this fact/point has to be considered. Due to the high quantities and masses which can be carried per train unit, the transport by rail is especially dedicated for high quantity of waste with high density, e.g., scrap metal, slag or rubble. Another advantage: transport by rail is environmentally friendly, i.e., there is a discharge of the road network, a lower specific energy consumption, higher transport safety and more clean-air consideration, as well on shorter distances

Waste Transport by Ship

A multiple of the transportation capacity from the street can be performed on waterway. At transfer stations, waste can be loaded loose in barges or with containers on container ships. The transport to the final destination point often isn’t possible without another transfer station. Therefore the transport on waterway is rarely. There are other influences like flood, low tide or ice drift which affected the transport with ships. Furthermore long transport times shall be calculated, that’s why only waste wich will not decompose can be transported. An example for container transport by ship is shown

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