Question

Define circadian rhythms and how the body's"bilogical clock" works and what happens when it doesn't

Distinguish between the basic processes of sensation and perception, explain how the doctrine of specific nerve energies applies to perception, and discuss how synesthesia contibutes to our understanding of sensory modalities.

Describe the basic principales of classical conditioning including the extinction and recovery of a classically conditioned response, how higher-order conditioning takes places, and the process of stimulus generalization and discrimination.

Compare and contrast social norms and social roles, and note how each contributes to the social rules that govern a culture.

Answer 1

Circadian rhythms is the bodies biological clock that regulates sleep and wakefulness. Circadian rhythms works best when you sleep evryday at the same time. It regulates the time periods when one feels sleepy and when one feels awake. it is a 24 hour clock the manages the sleep wake cycle so that the body is rested well.Disruptions in the circadian rhythm affects the brain and the body. it can cause sleep disorders and can disrupt other bodily functions like hunger,thirst secretion of hormones. thus it is best to have sleep habits where one sleeps at the same time of the day and wakes up the same time regularly

Sensation is the process wherein we make sense of the worls through our different senses such as touch, taste, smell, sound, sight and the information is sent to the brain through the sensory receptors where perception plays a role. Perception is the process of interpreting the information recived from the sensory receptors in order to make meaning. sensation is the initial phase wherein we try to accumulate information and perception is the second phase where we give meaning to the information received in order to understand.

According to the doctrine of nerve energies by Johannes muller, sensation and perception have less to do with stimulus and thus the brain pathways are more important. the brain has different pathways for each of the 5 sensory modalities. synesthesia is a condition where stimulation in one sensory modality elicits an associated experience in another sensory modality. synethesia occurs in patients with other psychiatric symptoms there are different forms of synesthesia likecolor synethesia, space synethesia.

Classical is the processs in which an association is formed with 2 stimulus that leads to a lerned behavior. during the initial phase, an uncoditoned stimulus (UCS)will lead to an unconditioned response (UCR). during conditiong, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an UCS. due to this repeated pairing, an association is formedbetween the neutral stimulus which will become a conditioned stimulus (CS) and will ellicit a condioned response (CR). Extinction is a process where the conditioned response gradually reduces or dissappears. sometimes a learned response that is a conditioned response can suddenly reoccur after extinction and thisprocess is called spotaneous recovery. Stimulus generalization is the process wherein similar responses are made to stimulus that are similar to the conditiones stimulus. For example, if a child is conditioned to respond in fear to a dog, the child may show signs of fear when presented with other animals. Stimulus descrimination is the process where one can differentiate between conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

our behavior is widely influenced by societal norms and expectations. we are expected to behave in particular ways that are set by expectations ofsocities and social norms. they are unwritten rules where one is expected to behave in a certain manner. thus each person in a society or a group is given a particular role to fulfill.